Sub‐Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years

Table of Contents Introduction The development record Reasons for poor development Failures of the Sub Saharan Africa The Sub Saharan Africa successes Conclusion Reference List Introduction Africa is one of the continents lagging behind in all sorts of developments for a long time. As a result, it has had continuous dependence on other continents for several items. Most of the industrial commodities used in Africa are imported.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That way, it continues to enrich other continents by adding into their foreign exchange. Over the last thirty years, the Sub Saharan Africa has recorded a very poor development, making its people to continue languishing in poverty. Compared to other continents, its economic performance is comparatively poor. The development record The poor develop ment record can clearly be seen in its per capita Gross Domestic Product of the 1980s, which declined by 1.3 percent per annum coming five percentage points below the average of all income developing countries (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 64). The decline has since continued to increase from the 1980s up to now. Between 1990 and 1994, the economic growth slowed down a great deal, whereby the per capita GDP decline accelerated to 1.8 percent and with time went up to 6.2 per cent (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 64). From the 1980s, it has declined by almost 1 percent annually making the countries poorer than they were in the 1980s. That has made it the lowest income region in the whole world. Reasons for poor development Lack of social capital is one of the reasons that have led to the poor economic growth. The community and the government through institutions that facilitate private property can generate social capital (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 65). The government plays the gre atest role in determining the rate of development of a particular country. By imposing taxation on different areas of production or businesses, it only means one thing, and that is, many people who would be willing to invest in certain areas will be cut off.. There are those who may go ahead but they end up realizing very little growth. When transaction costs are high, the level of economic development will slow down. This part of Africa has greatly been affected by civil wars. With wars, little developments can take place since insecurity will make people fear to make any form of investments in the affected areas. People will fear and run for their lives to different neighboring countries and this is what has happened in this region.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More That also affects the neighboring countries, as they have to put up with the increasing number of refugees fro m the affected areas. Today, most African countries are still facing wars and after the war, it takes a long time to rebuild the economy again (Crafts 1999, p. 20). Over the last three decades, there have been low levels of investments in the Sub Saharan Africa and the region is not in good capacity to import the capital goods and technology that are needed to accelerate structural change. Therefore, there is need for increase in support that the African countries get from multilateral organizations like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This is because it is not easy to attain good economic growth from other sources like the Foreign Direct Investments. The slow economic growth could also have been greatly influenced by the region’s adverse climatic conditions, which results to poor health and thus reduces life expectancy (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 8). Most parts of this region are tropical which greatly affects the economy. This is because most of the p eople are affected by tropical diseases like malaria. The disease is said to be one of the leading causes of death in the tropical region of the world and the governments of those countries have to spend a lot in trying to curb it (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 7). The harsh weather conditions result to leached soils, which are of poor quality and unreliable rainfall thus making most of the region semi arid. All that affects agricultural activities and this greatly affects the economic development of the countries that lie in this region since they mainly depend on agriculture. When they are deprived of their major economic activity, poverty ensues and with it, positive economic growth cannot be recorded. In general, Africa is also said to be the leading continent in the rate of HIV and AIDS infections. It has recorded the highest number of deaths related to the dangerous disease and as a result, the continent has lost a lot of skilled labor (Sender, 1999, p.91). People who could br ing about good economic growth perish with the disease and this greatly affects the given countries. The governments of such countries have had to spend a lot of money in taking care of the infected and the affected, for instance, they have to buy ARVs, which help to prolong the lives of the infected. Additionally, the government has the task of taking care of the orphaned children. That huge amount of finance spent in all that could have otherwise been used on development projects that could bring about positive economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the African poor people are greatly affected by economic and health related factors, natural disasters, and conflict shocks, which continue to keep them in poverty (World Bank 201, p. 2). The World Bank looks forward to enabling the African countries to provide better health care and make use of irrigation together with other water management ways to help them deal with the effects of climatic change. Global warming, which is the main cause of climatic change, has led to raised temperatures, prolonged seasons of drought and decline in rainfall. All these make it hard for Sub-Saharan African countries to sustain their agricultural activities resulting to poverty and hence poor economic growth. This part of the African continent is made up of developing countries which face are technologically challenged (Commission on Growth and Development 2008, p.3). Most of them still lag behind in innovation and the creation of new technology; they just absorb and adapt technologies that already exist elsewhere in the world. For example, African countries started using computers a few years ago long after that innovation whereas in the western world, use of computers had become the norm of the day. This means that that they have ta ken long to develop economically as progress in technology is highly important in determining economic growth. Failures of the Sub Saharan Africa Corruption is another major problem that has dragged behind Africans. For economic growth to prevail there must be openness in carrying out operations. Most African countries have however failed in fighting corruption (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 69). Africa is said to be the leading continent in the levels of the vice. Therefore, it is very hard to attain economic growth and development as embezzlement has already become deeply rooted in most African countries due to corruption. This happens when for instance money is set aside for developments such as roads construction but is not utilized for such purposes but for personal gain by corrupt leaders. This explains the reason as to why there is a very wide gap between the poor and the rich in this region. Some people are too rich because of acquiring property through the wrong means while others are too poor.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As said earlier, agriculture is the main economic activity in most of the African countries as many of the people depend on it for survival. The sector is very crucial, as it is a great source of foreign exchange in the region; 70 percent of the Africans depend on it and half of all employed women are in the sector (Sender, 1999, p. 97). This shows how important the sector is to the continent but things would be better if the African governments took measures to promote the farmers. Some Africans practice cash crop farming but the efforts of such people are greatly undermined by the fact that, they are made to remit a certain amount of money as agricultural taxation (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 66). For a country to reap economic gains, it must have good infrastructure. Definitely, anything that has been produced needs to be transported to the market. For this to happen, there has to be a good transport and communication network not only in the urban centers but also deep in the r ural areas. This is where most of the African governments have failed in (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p 66). The rural areas where agricultural products come from are hardly accessible as there are no enough roads and those that are available are in very bad conditions. The situation becomes worse when it rains, as most of the roads are very rough. As a result, great losses are encountered in the transportation process of agricultural perishable goods. It is estimated that in the Sub Saharan Africa, agriculture accounts for between 30 and 55 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (Sender, 1999, p. 96). Although the rural areas of the African region may be very rich in agricultural soils that may end up not contributing the right percentage to their economic growth as most of the produce, fail to get to the required market at the appropriate time. Therefore, the people and the governments need to cooperate in order to build social interaction and that will definitely lead to economic g ains. This can be achieved through building trust, which lowers the transaction costs (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 19). There is a growing rate of unemployment in most parts of this region. The governments of the African countries have failed in provision of employment, as most of the people remain jobless. As a result, many people are not able to place food on the table and they continue to live in poverty. Research shows that by the year 1996, only 1 percent of the African population consisted of civil servants which is lower compared to other developing countries whereby 3 percent and above of the population are civil servants. Those who are lucky to get civil employment may not be so happy as well, for they receive little wages, which is not good enough to lead a comfortable life. Most of the African nations have more ethnic diversity than other poor countries in the world and this makes it more difficult for them to have or develop an interconnected economy (Collier and Gunni ng, 1999, p. 67). The governments of the Sub Saharan African countries have not done much in fighting ethnicity. People continue to term themselves different from one another and this breeds nepotism and discrimination, which causes many conflicts. People of different ethnic groups have different beliefs and ways of life. What one group does and terms as very good may not be allowed by another group. When such differences occur, cooperation is not very easy and thus developments cannot be arrived at with much ease. The Sub Saharan Africa successes Sometimes back, there was a very high rate of infant mortality in the region. Most of the deaths occurred in children under five years because of the diseases that affect them while at that age. These diseases include measles, tuberculosis, and whooping cough among others. With continued improved medical care, the number of deaths in small children has greatly been reduced as they are immunized against most of the diseases in the first yea r of their lives. The number of children who die at infancy has drastically reduced (Sender, 1999, p. 90). There have been increased medical facilities that facilitate the provision of better health care and in addition to that, there has been improved nutrition adding to the advantage. As a result, there has been increased life expectancy even in the poor countries (Crafts, 1999, p. 21). Credit should also be given to these countries for promoting literacy to its people. It is no longer the time when women were to stay at home and raise children. Fifty years ago, women in Africa were very unlikely ever to attend school and over 90 percent of the adult females were illiterate (Sender, 1999, p. 92). Most of the countries in this region have done a lot to ensure that the girl child is protected, and gets the required education. The World Bank is in the process of making sure that the economy of African countries improves (World Bank 201, p. 1). This will see majority of people access employment and hence improving their living standards. Many of the poor people live and work in the rural areas but perhaps that may change in future as more people are now migrating to the urban centers in search of better lives. This has created a pool of people who are unemployed and many ends up indulging in criminal activities and prostitution for survival. Conclusion The Sub Saharan Africa has had poor development for a long time. It is considered the last in all development records compared to other regions in the world. The region’s tropical climate, which causes tropical diseases and harsh weather for agriculture, is one of the reasons associated with its failures. To add to that, the governments of countries in this region have failed in several ways and this has led to a decline in the economic development of the region. They have failed to provide good infrastructure, fight corruption, and have not been able to scrap taxation that is imposed on different areas of investment. Though these governments have failed in one way or another, they have also had their successes. They have been able to provide better health care and education to their citizens. Reference List Collier, P., and Gunning, J. (1999). Explaining African Economic Performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 37, 64-11. Collier, P., and Gunning, J. (1999). Why has Africa grown slowly? Journal of Economic perspectives, 13, 3-22. Commission on Growth and Development. (2008). The Growth Report, Washington DC: World Bank. Web. Crafts, N. (1999). Economic growth in the twentieth century. Oxford review of economic policy, 15, 18-31. Sender, J. (1999). African’s performance: Limitations of the current consensus. Journal of Economic perspectives, 13, 89-114. World Bank. (2011). Africa’s Future, World Bank: Washington DC. Available from  http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,contentMDK:22846778~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258644,00.html This essay on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years was written and submitted by user LaNu1t to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chapter 17 Essay Example

Chapter 17 Essay Example Chapter 17 Paper Chapter 17 Paper Essay Topic: Literature How did the merchant class in northern Italy influence the Renaissance? Merchants belief in individual merit would become a recurring theme in the renaissance; they were patrons of the arts In what ways did literature and the arts change during the Renaissance? Art-Realistic style, new techniques Artists and writers-chose secular and classical and Christian subjects Writers-used the vernacular What did northern European rulers do to encourage the spread of Renaissance ideas? They purchased Renaissance art supported Italian and northern artists How were the Christian humanists different from the humanists of the Italian Renaissance? Christian humanists were slightly different because they adopted ideas from humanists but put a religious slant on it and interpreted the ideals based on christian principles On what three teachings did Martin Luther rest his Reformation movement? 1.) people could win salvation only through faith, not good works. 2.) church teachings should be based on the bible, not the bible church traditions) 3.) people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them Why did the Holy Roman emperor go to war against Protestant German princes? He wanted to force the Protestant German Princes to rejoin the Catholic church Why did Henry VIII create his own church? Refer to the time line on pages 492-493. Henry wanted a male heir. That pushed him to split with the church (they would not give him a divorce) and create the Church of England In what ways was John Calvins church different from the Lutheran Church? John Calvins church: believed in predestination, followed strict rules, and promoted theocracy What was the goal of the Catholic Reformation? Was for the Catholic Church to reform itself so that it could retain loyal catholic What are three legacies of the Reformation? 1.) religion no longer united Europe 2.) paved the way for modern nation-states 3.) laid the groundwork for later rejection of Christian beliefs 4.)new schools were founded (education becoming more valued) 5.)Catholic Church became more unified Religious, political, and social effects of the reformation Religious- Catholic Church became more unified Christianity split Church of England Protestants divided Political- Monarchs gained power Modern nation states developed Social- End of serfdom Peasant revolts What role did the printing press play in the spread of the reformation and the spread of democracy? Printing press allowed people to read more information. This caused less dependence won the church. It caused more ideas about democracy and government structure How did the Renaissance and Reformation expand cultural interaction both within Europe and outside of it? Italian artists inspired northern artists and writers. Through trade and exploration. What conditions needed to exist before the Renaissance could occur? Artists and writers had to be supported in ancillary and be open to new ideas and thoughts. Europe had to be stable and at a time of peace d. All answers All answers Follicle bulb papilla arrector pili muscle sebaceous glands A hair follicle is a mass of epidermal cells extending down into the dermis and forming what? A tube What is another name for a pilosebaceous follicle? a. dermal papilla b. vellus hair c. hair bulb d. hair follicle D Hair Follicle Strong healthy hair receives adequate amounts of: a. Vitamins b. minerals c. nutrients d. All answers D. All Answers Vitamins minerals nutrients Hair growth is created by the activity of cells in the: a. stratum corneum b. pores c. basal layer d. dermis C Basal Layer What are the oil ducts or sebaceous glands that are attached to thefollicle responsible for? Lubricating the skin and hair The hair found on a fetus is called ? Lanugo Short, fine downy hair is called ___________. Vellus Hair growth occurs in these stages: a. anagen, catagen and telogen b catagen and telogen c. anagen and telogen d. catagen and anagen A Anagen Catagen Telogen Hair and skin are good barometers for what? The state of a persons health Hirsutism is ? Excessive hair growth The menopause moustache is caused by: a. estrogen b. hormonal distress c. adrenocortical activity d. cumulative sun damage C Adrenocortical activity The 2 types of hair removal are? Temporary and Permanent Removing hair by using electricity is called? Electrolysis Galvanic, thermolysis, and blend are 3methods of removal used by this method. Electrolysis IPLs a. use quick flashes of light b. shatter the targeted hair bulb w/o allowing heat to build up and burn the surrounding skin. c. reduce hair and spider veins d. All answers D- All answers use quick flashes of light shatter targeted hair bulb w/o building up heat and burn surrounding skin. reduce hair and spider veins. What is depilation? Removing the hair at or near the surface of the skin What is epilation? a. removes hair from the bottom of the follicle b. removes hair by breaking contact between the bulb and papilla c. pulls hair out of the follicle d. all answers D All answers Epilation removes the hair from the bottom of the follicle, breaks contact between the bulb and papilla, pulling the hair out of the follicle. Folliculitis barbae is commonly called? Ingrown hair A product that removes hair is called? Depilatory Which of the following answers accurately describes tweezing? a. using tweezers to pull hair out by the root one at a time. b. using tweezers, thread, or sugar to pull out unwanted hair c. a faster method than waxing for hair removal d. permanently removing thehair by pulloing it out, one hair at a time. A using tweezers to pull hair out by the root one at a time Which answers(s) best describes threading? a. uses 100% cotton b. thread is twisted and rolled along the surface of the skin c. entwines hair in the thread andlifts it out of the follicle d. all answers D All answers Threading uses 100% cotton. Threading is when a thread is twisted and rolled along the skin entwining the hair in the thread and lifting it out of the follicle. Waxing failures are caused by ? Skin not held taut The 2 types of waxes are ? Hard and soft Common ingredients added to wax are? a. Azulene b. Chamomile c. Tea tree oil d. All answers D All answers Azulene, Chamomile and Tea Tree oils are all common ingredients found in waxes. Which statement accurately describes hard waxes? a. Gentle enough for the face b. strong enough to remove coarse hairs c. often preferred for bikini and underarms d. all answers D All answers Hard wax is gentle enough for the face, strong enough to remove coarse hairs and is preferred for the bikini and underarm areas. Basic waxing supplies include ? Wax and warmer cleansers and pre- and post-epilation solutions Wax that iswater insoluble is removed by using a(n)? Oil based solution Which of the following best describes on a roll-on wax? Wax that is in an applicator and dispensed by a roll-on head. When using oversized waxing strips, your waxing technique is? Compromised Pellon is a ? fiber-like material that doesnt shed or stretch Which of the following best describes post waxing materials? a. products with antiseptic and soothing properties and hair growth inhibitors. b. products with antiseptic and soothing properties only c. hair growth inhibitors only d. products containing alchohol A Products with antiseptic and soothing properties and hair growth inhibitors. When clients have these conditions and/or diseases, they should not receive a leg waxing service. a. phlebitis, varicose veins, or diabetes b. deep hair roots c. have only a few hairs d. are too hairy A Phlebitis Varicose veins diabetes You should never do a facial waxing on clients who have. a. sunburn, a history of fever blisters, pustules or papules b. recent history of exfoliating topical medications such as Retin-A c. recently used Accutane or other acne medications or topical or oral cortisone d. All answers D All answers NEVER wax on clients who have Sunburn Fever Blisters pustules or papules Recent topical meds for exfoliation (Retin A) Accutane or topical or oral cortisone Before any waxing service you should? Perform a consultation Never apply wax over? warts moles abrasions or inflamed skin Post waxing precautions include: a. dont exfoliate for 48 hours b. avoid sun exposure for 48 hours c. avoid using creams w/fragrance for 48 hours d. All answers D All answers Post waxing precautions include no exfoliation, sun exposure, or creams w/fragrances for 48 hours. Which product is commonly used prior to a waxing service? Witch Hazel What are the advantages of using powder prior to a waxing service? Makes the hair more visible, helps protect the skin and removes moisture. Strip (soft) waxing requires that you apply the wax? a. thickly b. against the direction of the hair growth c. in the direction of the hair growth d. in a horizontal direction C In the direction of the hair growth You should leave approximately a ______ margin on the pulling side of the fabric when doing a strip wax. 1 Hard wax should be applied how thick ? Width of a nickel When applying a muslin or pellon strip, what should you do? Rub the strip in the same direction of the wax application Properly shaped eyebrows are important because? Correctly shaped eyebrows have a strong, positive impact on the overall attractiveness of the face. Why should you apply a non-irritating antiseptic lotion after tweezing an area? Prevents infection and contracts the skin What should you do to minimize discomfort in sensitive areas during waxing? Immediately place pressure on the waxed or tweezed area What should you offer your client during a bikini waxing service? Disposable panties or a small clean towel The greatest challenge when waxing the armpits or a mans back? Grows in several directions and patterns What is trichology? The scientific study of the hair and its diseases. What is hair made of? Hair is made from a hard protien called keratin, which is produced from the hair follicle. Which muscle inserts into the base of the hair follicle? Arrector Pili Muscle What are 3 stages of hair growth? Anagen Catagen Telogen What is the name of the hair growth stage where new hair is produced? Anagen What is thename of regression(falling out) stage of hair growth? Catagen What is the name of the final resting stage of hair growth? Telogen How long does it take for the hair to grow from the papilla to the surface of the skin? 4-13 weeks What is Hirusutism ? Excessive hair growth on the face, arms, legs (especially for wormen) What is hypertirichosis? Excessive growth of hair where hair doesnt normally grow What are the 2 general categories of methods of hair removal? Temporary Permanent What is an example of permanent hair removal? Electrolysis What is Galvanic method of electrolysis? Uses direct current, which causes chemical decomposition of the hair follicle. What is Thermolysis method of Electrolysis? Uses high frequency, producing heat which coagulates and destroys the hair follicle. What is the blend form of electrolysis? A combination of Galvanic and Thermolysis, sending a current through a fine needle or probe of both AC and DC simutaneously. It is reportably quicker than Galvanic alone. What are 3 methods of Electrolysis? Galvanic Thermolysis Blend What are 2 methods of hair removal which is considered temporary? Depilation Epilation ; What is the definition of depilation? Depilation is the process of removing hair at or near the level of the skin. (shaving, chemical depilation) What is Epilation? Epilation is the process of removing hair by breaking contact between the bulb and papilla. The hair is pulled out of the follicle. (tweezing/waxing and sugaring) What is a depilatory? A substance, usually a caustic alkali preparation, used for the temporary removal of superfluoushairby dissolving it at the skin level. What direction should the hair be removed when tweezing? In the direction of the growth Where should you start tweezing eyebrows? from the inner corner of the eye How long should hair be in order for waxing to be effective? 1/4 to 1/2 inch What are the 2 types of waxes ? Hard Soft What are some contraindications for waxing procedures? Recent chemical peels (acid based products) Recent microderm abrasion, injectables (botox) Recent cosmetic or reconstructive surgery Rosacea or very sensitive skin sunburn HIstory of fever blisters or cold sores Presence of pustules or papules on waxing area Usage of topical exfoliants (Retin-A, Renova, Tazorac, Differin, Azelex, other peeling agents, or Vitamin A topical products) Hydroquinone for skin lightening Topical or oral cortisone medication Accutane or other acne medications Blood thinning medications What are the most important things to remember about the wax removal technique? Hold the skin tight, remove the wax quickly, and do no lift up during the pull. In what direction should hair be removed during waxing? IN the direction opposite of the growth How should you pull the strip ? Parallel to the skin in the opposite direction of the growth w/o lifting up. How should you pull the hair while tweezing? A quick smooth motion in the direction of the hair growth What should be done prior to applying wax to the face ? Remove makeup Cleansing of the area thoroughly dry the area Can the spatula be dipped in the wax more than once? NO never double dip How can burns be prevented ? Always test the temperature of the heated wax before applying it to the clients skin. Can any hair be removed from warts, moles? No, because the wax could cause trauma to the mole. What parts contain hair roots? Medulla Cortex Cuticle What is the difference between languno and vellus hair? Languno is hair on a fetus, hair formation actually begins prior to birth. Vellus hair i sfound in areas that are not covered by the larger, coarse hairs found and the head and brows. .. a good example is the cheeks. They both describe a short, soft downy fine hair. The main structures of the hair below the surface of the skin are? Follicle Bulb Papilla Arrector pili muscle sebaceous glands A hair follicle is a mass of epidermal cells extending down into the dermis and forming what? A tube What is the other name for a polosebaceous follicle? Hair follicle Hair growth is created by the activity of cells in the ________________ layer. Basal The menopausal moustache is caused by ? Adrenocortical activity IPLs do what? Use quick flashes of light Shatter the hair bulb w/o allowing heat to build up and burn the surrounding skin. reduces hair and spider veins.