Saudi Student Organization; Objectives Free Essays

Much the same as some other associations for worldwide understudies in the college, we intended to give family arranged condition to our individuals. We are really welcoming other Saudi understudies in this manner to engage with â€Å"The Saudi Student Organization at USI†, as we solidly accept that our basic culture and social direction will assist us with working all the more viably as family and association. This association will speak to Saudi culture, human progress and history and connection them to other USI understudies of whatever nationality. We will compose a custom exposition test on Saudi Student Organization; Objectives or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Moreover, this association will help fortify the social obligations of Saudi understudies as we will reclassify the basic misinterpretations about us. Essentially one of its goals is to build the members’ understanding towards Saudi and Middle Eastern societies and to give them better comprehension with American culture too. Along these lines, Arabic understudies will have the option to adapt and change in accordance with the American culture simpler and quicker. Since, we are foreseeing an expanding number of understudies from Saudi Arabia; we are likewise meaning to build the quantity of our individuals in SSO. Without a doubt, this association will react viably to the members’ unique needs and to guarantee smooth and positive joining and connection between different understudies in the grounds. The Saudi Student Organization will give numerous chances to understudies from Saudi Arabia and so forth to share the excellence and legitimacy of their way of life and convention and accordingly captivating in significant and instructive discoursed with American understudies and others. Clearly, the fundamental goal of this is to increment common comprehension among people inside the grounds. Besides, to be engaged with this association will give the Arabic understudies chances to keep satisfying and rehearsing their convention and religion inside their co Arabic individuals who share similar convictions. In this manner, there will never be a feeling of disconnection in this association since each part can generally discover a person or thing to identify with. They can generally amass refreshes towards their way of life inside the association and can share thoughts and contemplations on the most proficient method to reaffirm their character in a remote nation like United States. In the mean time, SSO will likewise speak to and address the worries of its individuals in the organization. Accordingly, SSO ensures its individuals that they generally have a voice through their care group. New individuals, that are the individuals who just originated from their nation of root, will be ensured that they will gain enough direction through SSO about the college all in all; its way of life, patterns, scholarly example and feeling of network. Besides, individuals will be presented too to different exercises of the college inside and outside. Along these lines, they can extend their encounters towards various culture and individuals and thus they will have increasingly opportunity to augment their interpersonal organization, learning and intelligence. Clearly SSO will ensure its individuals that learning won't stop inside the constrainment of the four corners of the homeroom but instead SSO will guarantee them that we will give them free learning exercises and encounters. These targets will make the individuals increasingly lenient and adaptable in a general public where there is an obvious decent variety of culture and distinctive arrangement of conviction framework. Beside the previously mentioned targets, SSO will likewise assist its individuals with developing their authority abilities and confidence and to investigate their true abilities. This will be valuable for the use of their calling later on. Strikingly, joining SSO will be a decent and insightful speculation for future undertakings. Individuals will likewise be presented to various types of encounters that will even give them numerous chances to help individuals through sharing and brotherhood. Later on, they will become open minded and adaptable people who are set up to confront various types of conditions. All through these targets, SSO convincingly urge its individuals to be all inclusive serious to guarantee achievement tangibly as well as socially, profoundly and mentally. We are in this way promising our co Saudi understudies to join Saudi Student Organization (SSO) as we need you to encounter the satisfaction of our objectives and targets. The most effective method to refer to Saudi Student Organization; Objectives, Essays

Ways of Knowing Essay Example for Free

Methods of Knowing Essay Carper (1978) recognized four crucial examples of realizing which are (1) empirics, or the study of nursing; (2) individual information; (3) feel, or the specialty of nursing; and (4) morals, or the ethical part of nursing. The reason for this conversation is to clarify how each example of knowing influences this author’s practice, and to distinguish the author’s favored worldview and give legitimization to picking this worldview. Experimental knowing depends on the conviction that what somebody knows is objective and feasible through our faculties (Chinn Maeona, 2011). Observational information is made through research to test theories. This sort of information could be called proof based practice. Experimental knowing is utilized day by day in this attendants practice with the organization of prescriptions that have been read and tried for there adequacy on recognized infections. As an Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) this sort of realizing will be utilized to settle on proof based decisions about determinations, drugs endorsed, and care plans started. The individual information example of knowing depends on a relational procedure which includes â€Å"interactions, connections, and exchanges between the medical attendant and the patient-client† (Carper, 1978). By sharing individual encounters at suitable occasions and being open and ready to tune in to patients, this medical caretaker rehearses this example of knowing. A significant focal point of this author’s APN practice will be to become acquainted with every individual customer on an individual level. This will show the customer that they are significant as an individual and not only a number. Feel knowing or the specialty of nursing is the capacity of an attendant to get a handle on importance from every patient experience (Johnson, 1994). The medical caretaker rehearsing style must be veritable, sympathetic, and take a stab at an association with their patients (Johnson, 1994). This creator works with rehearsing feel in his present situation as a crisis room (ER) nurture. At the point when patients go to the ER consistently it is exceptionally difficult to show sympathy and attempt to interface with them. As a rehearsing APN this attendant will attempt to convey nursing care dependent on the customers singular needs and discernments by understanding the uniqueness of each patient. Moral knowing or the ethical heading of nursing is centered around the nurses’ obligation of realizing what out to be done and what is acceptable and right (Carper, 1978). Moral knowing â€Å"guides and coordinates how nurture ethically carry on in their practices† (Chinn Maeona, 2011, p. 7). This medical caretaker rehearses morals by being a patient promoter and saving his customers option to pick or decline care. This patient backing will proceed as this attendant advances to the job of APN. This creator credits to the experimentation worldview. This worldview is like observational knowing in that it depends on the reason that what is known can be checked through the faculties, or approved through research (Monti Tingen, 1999). This creator accepts that the premise of a decent practice is using proof based discoveries. In the event that the method or care plan is bolstered by investigate, and the discoveries are reproducible, at that point this creator is bound to execute it into his training. As this creator proceeds with his excursion toward turning into an APN the examples of knowing are essential to comprehend. By actualizing these examples to practice, and utilizing proof based discoveries to control dynamic, the creator will be better ready to think about his patients.

12 Translators on Why They Do What They Do

12 Translators on Why They Do What They Do Ive been interested in literary translation since I was a teenager reading Dostoyevsky, Cervantes, Mann, and Kafka for the first time. And when I started thinking about what it meant to declare that Thomas Mann was my favorite writer while only being able to read him in English translation, I was struck by just how important translation is to expanding our minds and introducing us to diverse cultures. I also realized that my experience reading Mann in English differed in fascinating ways from that of a German-speaker reading him in the original. Years later, when I translated the work of several French Symbolist poets for an independent study, I realized how much every single word makes a difference in conveying meaning from one language to another and in capturing tone and style. It was some of the hardest work I had ever done, but also incredibly rewarding. Recently, I put out a call to literary translators asking them to talk about what drew them to their line of work. After all, it is because of them that we (generally) monolingual readers are able to learn about other cultures and beliefs through stories and poetry. Translation is a complicated and difficult endeavor, and a supremely worthy one, so I wanted to share some thoughts on this work from professional translators themselves. Below youll find paragraphs from 12 people who translate into English, explaining why they love what they do and how they got started. I know youll be inspired! Rebecca L. Thompson is an instructor and doctoral student at the University of Texas at Dallas. Shes published translations and scholarly papers on Metamorphoses and Milin Havivin, and is currently sending out manuscript samples of her first book-length project. Ive always been drawn to languages, because, to me, they seem like the fastest way to enter into and understand a new culture. That, paired with my love of books, made literary translation an obvious choice for me. I love the way we as translators occupy a middle ground and interact with a text. Its really a documentation and replication of the reading processin fact, I like to read the book for the very first time as Im translating it. By moving page by page as both a translator and a reader, I come as close as possible to creating a genuine, unfiltered experience for the reader of the translation. Its a challenge that never gets old. David Shook is a poet and translator in Los Angeles, where he is founding editor of Phoneme Media. His recent translations include books by Mexican writers Mario Bellatin, Tedi López Mills, Kyn Taniya, and Víctor Terán. I grew up as a Texan in Mexico City, which meant that I lived in translation, in the fertile ground between languages and cultures. It wasnt until college that I knew that literary translation even existed. But once I discovered it, it was game on. As in my own practice as a writer, I think that its a fascination with language that keeps me interested in literary translation. Theres a combination of curiosity and enthusiasm that I think many of us share. So few of my own translations begin with publication in mind. Theyre mostly born from things Im interested in, from democratic activism in Equatorial Guinea to narrative structure in Mexican literature. Recent examples include the contemporary Kriol poetry of Guinea-Bissau and José Juan Tabladas 1920s calligrams. Im also interested in the literary translators editorial or curatorial role. Our literature would be so much poorer if it werent for our translators, who are often the first to champion the writers they work with. That, to me, is another aspect of my own attraction to translation, the enthusiasm part: to be able to share the work that Im most excited about, to enlarge the conversation. Theres something transformative about translationboth the process itself, as the translator destroys an original to remake it in out of entirely new and different words, and the finished products potential to challenge and disrupt the literary status quo in the new language it wears as best it can. Manuel de los Reyes is an English into Spanish literary translator, specializing in Fantasy, SF, and Horror. He has over 15 years of experience, and more than 100 titles translated, among them books by Isaac Asimov, HP Lovecraft, Jonathan Carroll or Robin Hobb. I would have never become a professional translator if not for two very distinct episodes in my life. First, when I was in my teens, I discovered role-playing games. This might sound trivial, but back in the day, no one in my group of friends knew enough English to buy, read, and understand many of the new games that were slowly making their way into Spain from America. We always had to wait until they were translated into Spanish, and young as we were, patience was not really our forte. English was my favorite subject at school, however, and thus the task of directing all those foreign games kind of naturally fell on me. Most importantly, it was around then when I met my first exchange classmate, a Canadian girl named Jennifer. She turned my affinity for her mother tongue into a genuine interest that, eventually, opened up my world to a whole different culture. English became the language I read, watched, and listened to, with a passion. And this, combined with the fact that I have always loved books, somehow ended up steering my steps towards translation, which has the best from both worlds. Jennifer passed away some years ago, her beautiful, radiant light put off by cancer. I do not translate RPGs any more. But my memories of that friendship, of that love, remains. I keep working. And I will never forget. Ezra E. Fitzs translations of contemporary Latin American literature by Alberto Fuguet and Eloy Urroz have been praised by The New York Times, The Washington Post, The New Yorker, and The Believer, among other publications. His own novel, The Morning Side of the Hill, was published in 2014. For me, translation was always something of a family business.   When my dad was a grad student at CUNY, he studied with Gregory Rabassa, and translated The Stream of Life, aka Água Viva, by Clarice Lispector, for the University of Minnesota Press almost a quarter of a century before New Directions made her a household name in English. Nothing connects you with a text or an author like being a translator. As Rabassa himself once said, a translation is nothing but a close reading, perhaps the closest reading possible.   Thats what I wanted to do: read something so closely that the act itself would blur the boundary between the page and the ink thats seeping into it.   One of the authors whom Ive translated many times over the years once sent me a copy of a newly published collection of stories.   The inscription on the half title page read, Ezra, here you are in Spanish.   Now its your turn.   Borges couldnt have put it any better himself.   The connection had been made, the boundaries blurred, and the family business would continue on for another generation or at least another volume. Michelle Bailat-Jones is a writer and translator. Her novel Fog Island Mountains (Tantor, 2014) won the 2013 Christopher Doheny Award from the Center for Fiction. She has translated the work of C.F. Ramuz (Beauty on Earth, Onesuch Press, 2013; What if the Sun…, forthcoming Onesuch Press, 2016) as well as Julia Allard Daudet, Claude Cahun, Laure Mi-Hyun Croset, and others. For a long time, I assumed that my love of foreign languages and literatures would have to take a back seat to more practical matters, or, at best, would be an asset to the sensible job I’d eventually find myself in. I focused on science and politics and other things I really enjoyed, assuming these subjects would shape my adult life and career. But I couldn’t seem to put language and literature into its own separate box. It seems foolhardy to me now, but I decided at some point that what I really wanted to do was write novels and poetry, but I realized at the same time that translating could be viable and interesting work that could support me while I worked at the more financially-tenuous career of writing. (I know now that working exclusively in literary translation can be just as tenuous, but I can supplement it with academic and scientific translation work, which is often, thankfully, really interesting.) My first translation project was entirely for practice. I translated the first section of Marie Vieux-Chauvet’s Love, Anger, Madness (The Modern Library published a stunning translation of the book in 2009, by Rose-Myriam Réjouis and Val Vinokur) under the supervision of an accomplished translator. That first work was a revelation. Within Chauvet’s novel were all of the things I still really lovedâ€"politics and history on a thematic side, complex metaphor and intriguing narrative choices on the technical fictional sideâ€"and yet I could work within those things while playing with English. It felt like incredibly deep reading, and I’ve never looked back. Translating is, in all the best ways, very much like writing except that I don’t have to make up any of the story. Jennifer Croft is the recipient of Fulbright, PEN and National Endowment for the Arts grants, as well as the Michael Henry Heim Prize, and her writing and translations from Polish, Spanish, and Ukrainian have appeared in The New York Times, n+1, The Guardian, Guernica, Lit Hub, The Chicago Tribune, BOMB  and elsewhere. She holds a PhD from Northwestern University and an MFA from the University of Iowa. She is a Founding Editor of The Buenos Aires Review. In college, I majored in English and Russian and minored in Creative Writing. When I graduated, I tried to think of ways to combine those three things, and I came upon translation. In the past fifteen years, Ive had the enormous privilege of working with some of the most talented writers of Central Europe, brilliant women like Polands Olga Tokarczuk and Sylwia Siedlecka, or Ukraines Natalka Sniadanko. Everyone Ive translated has taught me something unique and essential about writing and the world. Literary translation has been an apprenticeship for me, and recently I have taken what Ive learned from the essays, fiction and poetry Ive remade in English and written my first novel, which will appear this year with Penguin Random House Argentina. I wrote it in Spanish, also making an English version as I went, though neither of those is a translation. All the writers I translate have read my work, and several have even translated excerpts, written responses for the website Ive created on the basis of my novel (http://homesickbook.space) or otherwise actively participated in this new stage in my career. Thus translation is for me dynamic collaboration, always, and Im very much looking forward to publishing more in English of all of these fantastic people. Im also co-authoring bilingual fiction now with Argentine author Eitán Futuro and am excited to see how readers will react to those pieces, where one of our goals is to get to the very bottom of language itself. Allison M. Charette received a 2015 PEN/Heim Translation Fund Grant for Naivos Beyond the Rice Fields, the first novel to be translated from Madagascar, forthcoming from Restless Books next year. She has also published two other book-length translations, in addition to short translated fiction that has appeared in Words Without Borders, The Other Stories, Tupelo Quarterly, InTranslation, and the SAND Journal. Translation makes you read books more closely than you ever have before. Part of the draw of literary translation for me is, thus, purely selfishI grow to understand anything I translate so much more deeply than otherwise possible. And the more I understand, the more excited I get about all the new worlds opening up to me, which makes me just itch to share it with everyone I know. The problem with that, of course, is that most people I know dont speak French, so I cant recommend my favorite French books to them until those books get translated into English. Tragic, I know. One of the things that has started drawing me more and more to translation, though, is the translators role in cultural awareness and general amity. By sharing all these different worlds, were advocating for other cultures and educating our own. Its quite the idealistic view, but humanizing the other, making the foreign more familiar: thats how hatred, racism, and xenophobia can be combated. Books, not bombs, right? As an example, specific to my current translation projects: Madagascar is a country thats never had a novel translated into English. Besides lemurs and maybe vanilla, most Americans know nothing about the country, so it falls into the same misconception that many Westerners have of Africa as an entirely backward, impoverished, and primitive continent. But now theres a short story about the nightlife in Tana, the capital city, thats been translated into English, so theres another reference point besides just bamboo huts and oral storytellers. We might not be able to change the whole world with such small steps, but its not for a lack of trying! María José Giménez is a translator, editor and rough-weather poet with a rock climbing problem. Recent work appears in Prelude, Rogue Agent, Drunken Boat, and Cactus Heart. Translations include poetry, short fiction, essays, screenplays, and Edurne Pasaban’s memoir Tilting at Mountains (Mountaineers Books, 2014). Her translation of Alejandro Saravia’s novel Red, Yellow and Green (forthcoming: Biblioasis, 2016) has received fellowships from the NEA and the Banff Centre for the Arts. She is part of Montreals collective The Apostles Review and has served as Assistant Translation Editor at Drunken Boat. Find her at www.mariajosetranslates.com. As a child, I spent countless hours in my room reading, writing, and poring over bilingual dictionaries. This is still what I most like to do. After completing undergraduate studies in French, I started working as a translator by chance while living on Vancouver Island, in 1999, when a freelancer I’d just met asked me for last-minute help editing Spanish translations. I now freelance full-time as a translator and copy editor, weaving my passion for language, and languages, into my work. My transition into literary translation began when I moved to Montreal in 2001 to start a second B.A. in Spanish, at Concordia University. Montreals multilingual environment was the perfect setting I needed then, with its plethora of literary and translation-related events, resources and bilingual readings. But the turning point was meeting and studying with Hugh Hazelton (now Professor Emeritus at Concordia), who introduced me to the work of Latino-Canadian authors such as Alejandro Saravia, Nela Rio, Carmen Rodriguez and Diego Creimer, among others. In 2007, I joined the collective The Apostles Review and have been a passionate translator and promoter of Latino-Canadian literature ever since. Hugh also instilled in me a deep love for the craft, as well as a sense of balance between rigor and creative freedom, and he continues to guide and inspire me as an invaluable mentor, friend, and collaborator. More than simply a career, translation is a path I have chosen, and it has become inextricably woven into my own creative writing, nurtured by rich connections and opportunities for collaboration with colleagues and advocates in our field. Jordi Alonso studied English at Kenyon College and is the Turner Fellow in Poetry at Stony Brook Southampton. Honeyvoiced, his first book of poems, an exploration stemming from a re-translation of Sappho, was published by XOXOX Press in 2014; his chapbook, The Lovers’ Phrasebook, which flirts with words not found in English as synonyms for “love” is forthcoming from Red Flag Poetry Service. He is the Poetry and Translation Editor of The Whale. After a childhood spent mixing English, Spanish, and French, I graduated with an AB in English with an emphasis on Creative Writing from Kenyon College in 2014, where I also studied Literary Translation, Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Provençal, and ancient Greek. I’ll be graduating from Stony Brook University in the spring of this year with an MFA in Creative Writing and Literature. My studies have given me a solid background in classics, modern literature, and translation. I’ve recently been more interested in using source-texts in other languages as inspiration for original work, just as I did in my first book (Honeyvoiced, XOXOX Press 2014), which I began by translating the fragments of Sappho with the aim of imagining what her complete poems might have sounded like had they survived the centuries while at the same time acknowledging that they were being rewritten by a 22 year-old American poet trying to enter into conversation with contemporary poetry. I continue exploring languages in a forthcoming chapbook (The Lovers’ Phrasebook, Red Flag Poetry 2017) where I take words from 26 languages, all relating to an aspect of love, each beginning with a different letter of the standard Latin alphabet, which have no direct translation into English. This chapbook came out of a list that I compiled with Phoebe Carter, a translator herself and a good friend of mine who will be designing the covers and illustrating every poem in the chapbook. Currently, I’m working with the Neo Political Cowgirls, a women’s dance theatre company in East Hampton, New York to bring a production to fruition later this year that is inspired by the myths and literature surrounding the mythical figure of Andromeda. Aviya Kushner is the author of The Grammar of God: A Journey into the Words and Worlds of the Bible (Spiegel Grau), a 2015 National Jewish Book Award Finalist.   Once a travel columnist for The International Jerusalem Post, she is now an associate professor of creative writing at Columbia College Chicago, where she teaches courses in writing and translation. I grew up in a Hebrew-speaking home in New York, and I have been translating from Hebrew to English all my life. The space between languages is a country with no name, a special zone, a state of mind. As a child, I didnt realize that this unnamed space was what translators went in and out of every day, and that the survival of literature depends on these travelers. Rosanna Warrens magnificent translation course introduced me to the theory and practice of translation; reading John Dryden and Robert Lowells essays on translation, I realized for the first time that many major writers throughout history were also translators. I was hooked. The first poet I translated was Saul Tchernichovsky, one of the fathers of modern Hebrew literatureâ€"a doctor and also a translator. I felt Tchernichovskys obsessions shaping my own poetry, and I realized that I had to absolutely love a piece of writing order to truly translate it. Recently I have been translating the poetry of Yudit Shahar, a prizewinning contemporary Israeli poet who writes about economic justice, the challenge of surviving as a single woman in society, and the legacy of growing up in a religious family. To translate Shahar, I have to use all my Hebrew and all my English, as well as my own experience as a poet and as a financial journalist. I am honored to be her bridge into English. Lisa Rose Bradford teaches comparative literature at the Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata and has published four book-length translations of Juan Gelmans verse including Between Words: Juan Gelmans Public Letter (National Translation Award) and Oxen Rage, recently long-listed for the Pen Award, 2016. Henry James once said: To criticize is to appreciate, to appropriate, to take intellectual possession, to establish in fine a relation with the criticized thing and to make it ones own. I believe literary translation is founded on a similar rapport, with the added value of affording one creative and productive readings of a text. In my case, this relationship began with German grandparents and a high school exchange in Argentina, both of which enhanced my fascination with words. Once in college, a literary translation workshop directed by Rainer Schulte increased my appreciation of the possibilities of language as regards rhetoric, musicality, and imagery. Translation became a mode of reading and a marvelous challenge. Regarding my career in translation, initially, the joy of recreating some of my favorite poetry drove me to translate, and I chose four contemporary Argentine poets for the discussion of the translation process for my dissertation at Berkeley. Moreover, my teaching career in Argentina includes the direction of a research group that has published two collections of essays on translation and three anthologies of U.S. poetry translated into Spanish. With the encouragement from other translators, many of whom are involved in the American Literary Translators Association, I began publishing poets from my dissertation in journals, and later bilingual collections of Juan Gelmans poetry in the form of complete books. A few years ago, a residency at the Banff International Literary Translation Center, where the participants become part an exceptional community of artists, affirmed my belief that there is an enormous level of creativity among translators, many of whom are also writers in their own right, as am I in my free time. Finally, to have gained recognition in the form of a National Translation Award and an NEA has driven me even harder to prolong the pleasure, and the possession and memorial involved in capturing a work of art. Sophie Hughess forthcoming translations from Spanish include Laia Jufresas Umami  (Oneworld Publications) and Rodrigo Hasbúns Affections (Pushkin Press).  In 2015, she was  awarded the British Centre for Literary Translation Prose Mentorship, and in 2016 she was shortlisted for an Arts Foundation Fellowship. Ive often heard literary translators refer to themselves as bridges into other worlds, and its true that a large part of what we do is provide a path for readers from one place to reach the literature and ergo the culture, history, even the spirit of anotherâ€"all without having to speak the language of that place. This idea of it being a bridge-building, empathetic vocation was what first appealed to me about literary translation. In fact, it turned out that the task at hand is really more akin to digging tunnels: (mentally) back-breaking, producing one engineering quandary after another (the idea that we can map one language neatly onto another is as alogical as a tunnel under the English Channel), and the end product is basically invisible. It has also, in my still short career as a translator, become clear that this bridge/tunnel allows for two-way traffic. Anglophone readers are able travel to foreign lands, yes, and what a treat it is to sightsee and dip into unknown territory. But it is what foreign writers bring over to us via us conduit-translators that keeps our literature and ergo our culture, history, and spirit evolving. In my personal utopia, our English  evolves thanks to translation. Just as Shakespeares Old English is ingrained in our modern vernacular (appropriately enough, its all Greek to me), so do foreign authors have a place in our daily speech and thoughts. A few foreign language authors, thanks to their translators, have crossed channels in this way, at least in my life: Kafkas A book must be the ax for the frozen sea within us; more recently, Mexican Laia Jufresas the dead, or at least some of them, take customs, decades, whole neighborhoods with them. When death does you part, its also the end of whats mine is yours; and lest we forget, Umberto Ecos Translation is the art of failureâ€"for me, borrowed wisdom to live by.

ESL When to Use First and Last Names and Titles

Citizens United - A Primer on the Court Case

Citizens United is a nonprofit corporation and conservative advocacy group that successfully sued the Federal Election Commission in 2008, claiming its campaign finance rules represented unconstitutional restrictions on the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of speech. The U.S. Supreme Court’s landmark decision ruled that the federal government cannot limit corporations  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  or, for that matter, unions, associations, or individuals  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  from spending money to influence the outcome of elections. The ruling led to the creation of super PACs. â€Å"If the First Amendment has any force it prohibits Congress from fining or jailing citizens, or associations of citizens, for simply engaging in political speech,† Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote for the majority. About Citizens United Citizens United describes itself as a being dedicated to the goal of restoring government to U.S. citizens through education, advocacy, and grassroots organization. â€Å"Citizens United seeks to reassert the traditional American values of limited government, freedom of enterprise, strong families, and national sovereignty and security. Citizens Uniteds goal is to restore the founding fathers vision of a free nation, guided by the honesty, common sense, and good will of its citizens,† it states on its website. Origins of Citizens United Case The Citizens United legal case stems from the groups intention to broadcast â€Å"Hillary: The Movie,† a documentary it produced that was critical of then-U.S. Sen. Hillary Clinton, who at the time was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination. The film examined Clintons record in the Senate and as the first lady to President Bill Clinton. The FEC claimed the documentary represented electioneering communications as defined by the McCain-Feingold law, known as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. McCain-Feingold prohibited such communications by broadcast, cable, or satellite within 30 days of a primary or 60 days of a general election. Citizens United challenged the decision but was turned away by the District Court for the District of Columbia. The group appealed the case to the Supreme Court. The Decision The Supreme Court’s 5-4 decision in favor of Citizens United overruled two lower-court rulings. The first was Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, a 1990 decision that upheld restrictions on corporate political spending. The second was McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, a 2003 decision that upheld the 2002 McCain-Feingold law banning â€Å"electioneering communications† paid for by corporations. Voting with Kennedy in the majority were Chief Justice John G. Roberts and associate justices Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas. Dissenting were justices John P. Stevens, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor. Kennedy, writing for the majority, opined Governments are often hostile to speech, but under our law and our tradition it seems stranger than fiction for our Government to make this political speech a crime. The four dissenting justices described the majority opinion as a rejection of the common sense of the American people, who have recognized a need to prevent corporations from undermining self-government since the founding, and who have fought against the distinctive corrupting potential of corporate electioneering since the days of Theodore Roosevelt. Opposition President Barack Obama leveled perhaps the most vocal criticism of the Citizens United decision by directly taking on the Supreme Court, saying the five majority justices â€Å"handed a huge victory to the special interests and their lobbyists.† Obama lashed out at the ruling in his 2010 State of the Union address. With all due deference to separation of powers, last week the Supreme Court reversed a century of law that I believe will open the floodgates for special interests, including foreign corporations, to spend without limit in our elections, Obama said during his address to a joint session of Congress. I dont think American elections should be bankrolled by Americas most powerful interests, or worse, by foreign entities. They should be decided by the American people, the president said. And Id urge Democrats and Republicans to pass a bill that helps to correct some of these problems. In the 2012 presidential contest, however, Obama softened his stance on super PACs and encouraged his fundraisers to bring in contributions to a super PAC that was supporting his candidacy. Support for the Ruling David N. Bossie, the president of Citizens United, and Theodore B. Olson, who served as the group’s lead counsel against the FEC, described the ruling as striking a blow for freedom of political speech. â€Å"In Citizens United, the court reminded us that when our government seeks ‘to command where a person may get his or her information or what distrusted source he or she may not hear, it uses censorship to control thought,’† Bossie and Olson wrote in The Washington Post in January of 2011. â€Å"The government argued in Citizens United that it could ban books advocating the election of a candidate if they were published by a corporation or labor union. Today, thanks to Citizens United, we may celebrate that the First Amendment confirms what our forefathers fought for: ‘the freedom to think for ourselves.’† Sources Bossie, David N. How the Citizens United ruling freed political speech. Theodore B. Olson, The Washington Post, January 20, 2011. Justice Kennedy. Supreme Court of the United States Citizens United, Appellant v. Federal Election Commission. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School, January 21, 2010.   Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address. The White House, January 27, 2010. Who We Are.  Citizens United, 2019, Washington, D.C.

Apush Dbq 2 Free Essays

During the Washington, Adams, and Jefferson administrations (from 1776 to 1807) neutrality was America’s main foreign policy. In determining that neutrality was the overall focus of American diplomacy, one must assess the deviations from, as well as the success, of neutrality. Neutrality was originally implemented by George Washington in order to maintain the young country’s best interests. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Dbq 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, lapses in neutrality occurred when the government was forced to favor one foreign power, either Great Britain or France, through treaties. Furthermore, commercial interests ultimately drove America’s decisions and thus influenced the effectiveness of neutrality. Despite such lapses in success, America’s number one foreign policy remained neutrality. Political leaders found involvement in European affairs to be irrelevant and detrimental to the young nation, thus neutrality was the primary focus of America. George Washington was a strong supporter of neutrality despite his highly opinionated cabinet (Hamilton was pro-British and Jefferson pro-French). In 1793, in response to King Louis XVI’s beheading in the French Revolution, Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality which stated that America would â€Å"adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers†¦ † (D). Washington opted to remain neutral in order to avoid conflict with Britain and France, refusing to side with either one. Furthermore, Washington emphasized the necessity of neutrality in his farewell address in 1796. He explained that the â€Å"great rule of conduct for [Americans] in regard to foreign nations†¦ † was to have â€Å"†¦ s little political connection as possible† (J). Thus, Washington established the importance of neutrality which was also supported by John Adams. During the Revolutionary War (right after the Battle of Saratoga) the Americans formed the Franco-American alliance and gained French support from the king. However, John Adams wrote in his diary in 1775, â€Å"That We ought not to enter into any Alliance with her [France], which should entangle Us in any future Wars in Europe,† (A). Adams supported Washington’s push for neutrality and recognized the consequences of forming an alliance with France. Adams was right about the Franco-American Alliance, which later resulted in France seeking American aide against Britain after Louis XVI was beheaded. On the other hand, Adams approved Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain which upset the French who were at war with the British. Jay’s Treaty settled the return of confiscated goods and ships to the Americans and established that pre-Revolutionary War debts must be paid as stated in the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Americans had avoided these debts even though the Treaty of Paris stated that â€Å"creditors on either side shall meet†¦ o the recovery of the full value in sterling money of all bona fide debts heretofore contracted,† (E). During the Jefferson administration, foreign tensions rose and eventually lead to the War of 1812. Jefferson also enforced neutrality, claiming in his Inaugural Address in 1801 that the nation will maintain â€Å"honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none†¦ à ¢â‚¬  (K). Such ideas were evident in his response to the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. In 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on an American warship, the Chesapeake, killing three Americans and impressing four others. Impressment was the act of forcing American sailors into the British navy as depicted in document M (M). Instead of declaring war as many American citizens wanted, Jefferson issued the Embargo Act, which cut off all American shipping to Europe in an attempt to cripple the British economy and prevent them from confiscating American goods and impressing their sailors. However, Jefferson’s attempt to maintain neutrality back-fired and crippled the American economy more than Europe’s. Conflicts between Great Britain and France often caused lapses in America’s focus on neutrality. Specifically, during the Washington’s administration and the French Revolution, â€Å"Citizen† Genet, the French minister to America, broke the typical rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to the American people. He called for American support of the French Revolution, pointing to the Franco-American Alliance which stated that the two nations shall â€Å"make all efforts in its Power, against their common enemy [Britain]†¦ † (C). Such support would directly violate America’s primary foreign policy, neutrality. Thus, Washington refused to support the French Revolution and make an enemy of Great Britain. This decision angered pro-French Americans who supported France’s aspiration to establish a republic. As a result, Thomas Jefferson, who was pro-French, resigned from his position of Secretary of State in disagreement with Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality. The ratification of Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain further infuriated French supporters, failed to solve the issue of British impressment, and even promised that Americans would pay pre-Revolutionary War debt to Britain (F). Moreover, it caused the French to be outraged with the Americans and started French seizure of American ships. Political tensions between the three nations continued during John Adams’ presidency with the XYZ Affair in 1798. Three French agents, known only as X, Y, and Z, demanded a high fee from American delegates to enter negotiations for a treaty regarding the French seizure of American ships. This tested the young nation’s focus on neutrality as outraged Americans called for war with France. As a result, neutrality was pushed aside as the Quasi War, which was never officially declared, broke out. The public anger caused by the war strengthened the Federalist party, who used the power to pass the Alien, Sedition, and Naturalization Acts. These Acts limited Democratic-Republican power by: increasing the number of years required for immigrants to become citizens (Naturalization Act), by authorizing the president to deport aliens deemed a threat to the nation (Alien Act), and by making it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress (Sedition Act). The Convention of 1800 concluded the Quasi War, however impressment continued into Jefferson’s presidency during the Napoleonic Wars, making it more difficult for the young nation to maintain neutrality. Thus, conflicts between Great Britain and France often involved America despite the American focus on neutrality. Commercial interests often times caused disruptions of neutrality and competed as a priority of the young nation. Because commerce was of high importance to the growing nation, neutrality, in order to maintain trade, was necessary. Thomas Paine even stated, â€Å"Our plan is commerce,† and emphasized the importance of neutrality to the American economy by saying â€Å"we ought to form no political connection with any part of it [Europe],† (B). For instance, Jay’s Treaty negatively affected American commerce and political relations with France. Additionally, James Madison criticized the treaty as being â€Å"ready to sacrifice†¦ the dearest interests of our commerce†¦ † (G). The treaty not only affected political diplomacy with France, but also affected relations with Spain and their North American colonies. Spain saw the treaty as a sign that the Americans were building an alliance with Britain and felt a need to strengthen their American territories. This lead to Pinckney’s Treaty, in 1795, which set the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish territories, as well as allowed the use of the Mississippi River and the Louisiana sea port to both the Americans and the Spanish (H). Pinckney’s Treaty protected American commerce along the Mississippi and resulted in peaceful relations with Spain. Later, during Adams’ presidency, the seizure of American merchant ships by France raised tensions that resulted in the Quasi War. The disruption of American commerce forced the nation to disregard neutrality in order to protect their trading rights. The Convention of 1800 concluded the war and promised that â€Å"Property captured†¦ shall be mutually restored†¦ † (I). The Convention revealed the evident commercial intentions of the Quasi War and set the American economy as a priority equal to that of neutrality. However, Great Britain continued to seize American ships and impress American sailors. Instead of engaging in war, Jefferson opted to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 in an attempt to sustain neutrality. The Act prevented trade with any European nation, attempting to damage Britain’s economy and preclude impressment. Unfortunately, the plan backfired and devastated the American economy. Thus, Americans felt a greater need to deviate from neutrality in order to better their commerce. Although America faced disruptions in neutrality, ultimately, it remained the nations overall primary foreign policy. From 1776 to 1807, neutrality kept the young nation out of unnecessary European conflicts and served to maintain the country’s best interests. How to cite Apush Dbq 2, Papers

Accounting Information System for More Pty Ltd - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Information System for More Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction Accounting information systems play an essential role in collection, storing, processing as well as recording of data for providing information during the process of decision making. These systems are made up of interrelated components, where it is divided into smaller sub-systems helping to achieve the organizational objective. The key characteristics of accounting information system are relevance, completeness, timeliness, verifiability, accessibility, understandability as well as reliability. Web-based systems and its wide-spread usage have helped the accounting information systems to identify organizational risks along with the creation of accounting procedures for maintaining optimum control over risk (Belfo Trigo, 2013; Accounting Information Systems, 2013). The key objective of the paper is to discuss the revenue cycle, weaknesses related to internal control along with the processes to mitigate the risks arising due to the weaknesses. Additionally, Ransom-ware attack and its brief overview have been explained in this paper. Overview of Revenue Cycle Figure: Revenue Cycle Revenue Cycle is referred as a set of business activities, helping to exchange goods as well as services for cash with the customers. Maximum of the transactions in todays business takes place on credit, where the amount is paid after the goods are shipped on time to the consumers. There are two key phases in the revenue cycle, which starts with the physical phase, where the good is received by the buyer and ends with the financial phase, where the buyer pays the cash for the delivered product. As mentioned in the accounting information system, there are two subsystems handling the above mentioned phases (Hall, 2008; Hall, 2012). The subsystems include processing of sales order for the physical phase while cash receipts look after the financial phase. Additionally, activities of revenue cycle are divided into two major categories including manual system and computerized system. Manual systems follow the manual procedures of sales, billing, warehouse, credit, shipping, general ledger, accounts receivable as well as inventory control. Moreover, sales returns, cash receipts, control of revenue cycle are parts of manual system. Accounting system based on computers start with automating the process of sales order through batch technology and reengineering the same with real-time technology. The procedures of manual systems are enhanced with the use of information technology, where procedures of cash receipts get automated and reengineered. Usage of Point-of-sale (POS) systems as well as reengineering through EDI along with Internet has made the process of revenue cycle easier than before (Hall, 2008; Hall, 2012). Identification of Practical Controls Table: Weaknesses, Impacts and Measures for the Identification of Practical Controls (Source: Ayam, 2015; Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, 2015; Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 2004) Overview of Ransom-ware attack Based on the case study as reported by ABC (2017), it has been found that in May 2017, 57000 organizations in nearly 100 nations suffered cyber attack globally, including Ukraine, Russia, Taiwan as well as India among others, where the un-patched older versions of Microsoft windows were commonly used (ABC, 2017). This cyber attack was identified as a ransom-ware attack named Wannacry, which created a flaw in the software of Microsoft Corporation (McGoogan, Titcomb Krol, 2017). The cyber attackers took advantage of the vulnerabilities related to the older version of Windows operating system. Additionally, European nations including Spain and Portugal among others were forced to turn down the patients in the clinics as well as hospitals because they lost access due to the cyber extortion of ransomware. According to British cyber centre, FedEx Corporation, which is the leading shipper globally, was one of the victims of the attack, where the systems got affected due to the malware ente ring through spam mails (ABC, 2017). The National Security Agency identified that hackers were spreading a ransom-ware that locked up files as well as folders completely. Wannacry ransom-ware demanded payments during the cyber attack on systems of several users, where hackers used this trend for quick payout of money. A ransom-ware is described as a cyber attack or virus, which takes full control of others system and blocks away all sources of access to it until and unless the asked amount is paid (McGoogan et al., 2017; ABC, 2017). Based on the research conducted by the Kaspersky Lab experts, Ransomware demands nearly $300- $600 for restoring the system, which increases every two hours if not paid (ABC, 2017). The process starts when a user unintentionally clicks on a ransom-ware link or downloads it. The hacker through malicious software enters into the system as soon as the link is opened and launches the attack to lock down the system as a whole, where access of the owner gets d enied. Microsoft had already issued patches for the software to fix up the issues but majority of the people were still found using the same old version (McGoogan, Titcomb Krol, 2017; ABC, 2017). Recommendations and Conclusion Considering the motherboards and More Pty Ltd, such a ransom-ware cyber attack may occur in the future. Therefore, the company should follow the measures of controlling the information security, monitoring as well as documentation as mentioned above. Data should hence be saved in more than one systems, where if one systems gets attacked by the ransom-ware, the other system can be used for the accessing the data. Encryption of data is compulsory, which reduces the chances of cyber attack as encrypted data cannot be hacked easily by any hacker. Day-to-day recording of data should be done by Motherboards and More Pty Ltd., which will lessen the burden with the passage of time. Access should be made limited for the users, which will further prevent clicking on dangerous links as well as sites. Additionally, Motherboards and more Pty Ltd should use latest version of Microsoft windows or any other operating system with fix-patches installed in it to prevent their system from the disruptive attack of Ransomware. Accounting information system plays an important role and simplifies the processes of collecting, recording as well as handling data and information. Proper techniques used during electronic data storage will secure the data for a longer duration, where the leaders or managers can effectively conduct a decision making process. Conclusively, it was found that a ransom-ware is a dangerous attack and therefore Motherboards and More Pty Ltd should follow the processes as mentioned in the study. References ABC. (2017). Biggest ransomware outbreak in history' hits nearly 100 countries with data held for ransom Retrieved September 21, 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-13/biggest-ransomware-outbreak-in-history-hits-nearly-100-nations/8523102 Accounting Information Systems. (2013). Accounting Information Systems Explained. Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.accountinginformationsystems.org/ Ayam, J. R. A. (2015). An analysis of revenue cycle internal controls in Ghanaian universities. Case Studies in Business and Management, 2(2), 1. Belfo, F., Trigo, A. (2013). Accounting information systems: Tradition and future directions. Procedia Technology, 9, 536-546. Hall, J. A. (2008). Accounting Information Systems. United States: Cengage learning. Hall, J. A. (2012). Accounting Information Systems. United States: Cengage learning. McGoogan, C., Titcomb, J. Krol, C. (2017). What is WannaCry and how does ransomware work? Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/ransomware-does-work/ Office of the auditor General of Canada. (2004). 2004 march report of the auditor general of canada. Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/att_20040306xe05_e_13231.html Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. (2015). Annual assessment of the internal revenue service information technology program. Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2015reports/201520094fr.pdf

Sub‐Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years

Table of Contents Introduction The development record Reasons for poor development Failures of the Sub Saharan Africa The Sub Saharan Africa successes Conclusion Reference List Introduction Africa is one of the continents lagging behind in all sorts of developments for a long time. As a result, it has had continuous dependence on other continents for several items. Most of the industrial commodities used in Africa are imported.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That way, it continues to enrich other continents by adding into their foreign exchange. Over the last thirty years, the Sub Saharan Africa has recorded a very poor development, making its people to continue languishing in poverty. Compared to other continents, its economic performance is comparatively poor. The development record The poor develop ment record can clearly be seen in its per capita Gross Domestic Product of the 1980s, which declined by 1.3 percent per annum coming five percentage points below the average of all income developing countries (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 64). The decline has since continued to increase from the 1980s up to now. Between 1990 and 1994, the economic growth slowed down a great deal, whereby the per capita GDP decline accelerated to 1.8 percent and with time went up to 6.2 per cent (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 64). From the 1980s, it has declined by almost 1 percent annually making the countries poorer than they were in the 1980s. That has made it the lowest income region in the whole world. Reasons for poor development Lack of social capital is one of the reasons that have led to the poor economic growth. The community and the government through institutions that facilitate private property can generate social capital (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 65). The government plays the gre atest role in determining the rate of development of a particular country. By imposing taxation on different areas of production or businesses, it only means one thing, and that is, many people who would be willing to invest in certain areas will be cut off.. There are those who may go ahead but they end up realizing very little growth. When transaction costs are high, the level of economic development will slow down. This part of Africa has greatly been affected by civil wars. With wars, little developments can take place since insecurity will make people fear to make any form of investments in the affected areas. People will fear and run for their lives to different neighboring countries and this is what has happened in this region.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More That also affects the neighboring countries, as they have to put up with the increasing number of refugees fro m the affected areas. Today, most African countries are still facing wars and after the war, it takes a long time to rebuild the economy again (Crafts 1999, p. 20). Over the last three decades, there have been low levels of investments in the Sub Saharan Africa and the region is not in good capacity to import the capital goods and technology that are needed to accelerate structural change. Therefore, there is need for increase in support that the African countries get from multilateral organizations like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This is because it is not easy to attain good economic growth from other sources like the Foreign Direct Investments. The slow economic growth could also have been greatly influenced by the region’s adverse climatic conditions, which results to poor health and thus reduces life expectancy (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 8). Most parts of this region are tropical which greatly affects the economy. This is because most of the p eople are affected by tropical diseases like malaria. The disease is said to be one of the leading causes of death in the tropical region of the world and the governments of those countries have to spend a lot in trying to curb it (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 7). The harsh weather conditions result to leached soils, which are of poor quality and unreliable rainfall thus making most of the region semi arid. All that affects agricultural activities and this greatly affects the economic development of the countries that lie in this region since they mainly depend on agriculture. When they are deprived of their major economic activity, poverty ensues and with it, positive economic growth cannot be recorded. In general, Africa is also said to be the leading continent in the rate of HIV and AIDS infections. It has recorded the highest number of deaths related to the dangerous disease and as a result, the continent has lost a lot of skilled labor (Sender, 1999, p.91). People who could br ing about good economic growth perish with the disease and this greatly affects the given countries. The governments of such countries have had to spend a lot of money in taking care of the infected and the affected, for instance, they have to buy ARVs, which help to prolong the lives of the infected. Additionally, the government has the task of taking care of the orphaned children. That huge amount of finance spent in all that could have otherwise been used on development projects that could bring about positive economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the African poor people are greatly affected by economic and health related factors, natural disasters, and conflict shocks, which continue to keep them in poverty (World Bank 201, p. 2). The World Bank looks forward to enabling the African countries to provide better health care and make use of irrigation together with other water management ways to help them deal with the effects of climatic change. Global warming, which is the main cause of climatic change, has led to raised temperatures, prolonged seasons of drought and decline in rainfall. All these make it hard for Sub-Saharan African countries to sustain their agricultural activities resulting to poverty and hence poor economic growth. This part of the African continent is made up of developing countries which face are technologically challenged (Commission on Growth and Development 2008, p.3). Most of them still lag behind in innovation and the creation of new technology; they just absorb and adapt technologies that already exist elsewhere in the world. For example, African countries started using computers a few years ago long after that innovation whereas in the western world, use of computers had become the norm of the day. This means that that they have ta ken long to develop economically as progress in technology is highly important in determining economic growth. Failures of the Sub Saharan Africa Corruption is another major problem that has dragged behind Africans. For economic growth to prevail there must be openness in carrying out operations. Most African countries have however failed in fighting corruption (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 69). Africa is said to be the leading continent in the levels of the vice. Therefore, it is very hard to attain economic growth and development as embezzlement has already become deeply rooted in most African countries due to corruption. This happens when for instance money is set aside for developments such as roads construction but is not utilized for such purposes but for personal gain by corrupt leaders. This explains the reason as to why there is a very wide gap between the poor and the rich in this region. Some people are too rich because of acquiring property through the wrong means while others are too poor.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As said earlier, agriculture is the main economic activity in most of the African countries as many of the people depend on it for survival. The sector is very crucial, as it is a great source of foreign exchange in the region; 70 percent of the Africans depend on it and half of all employed women are in the sector (Sender, 1999, p. 97). This shows how important the sector is to the continent but things would be better if the African governments took measures to promote the farmers. Some Africans practice cash crop farming but the efforts of such people are greatly undermined by the fact that, they are made to remit a certain amount of money as agricultural taxation (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 66). For a country to reap economic gains, it must have good infrastructure. Definitely, anything that has been produced needs to be transported to the market. For this to happen, there has to be a good transport and communication network not only in the urban centers but also deep in the r ural areas. This is where most of the African governments have failed in (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p 66). The rural areas where agricultural products come from are hardly accessible as there are no enough roads and those that are available are in very bad conditions. The situation becomes worse when it rains, as most of the roads are very rough. As a result, great losses are encountered in the transportation process of agricultural perishable goods. It is estimated that in the Sub Saharan Africa, agriculture accounts for between 30 and 55 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (Sender, 1999, p. 96). Although the rural areas of the African region may be very rich in agricultural soils that may end up not contributing the right percentage to their economic growth as most of the produce, fail to get to the required market at the appropriate time. Therefore, the people and the governments need to cooperate in order to build social interaction and that will definitely lead to economic g ains. This can be achieved through building trust, which lowers the transaction costs (Collier and Gunning, 1999, p. 19). There is a growing rate of unemployment in most parts of this region. The governments of the African countries have failed in provision of employment, as most of the people remain jobless. As a result, many people are not able to place food on the table and they continue to live in poverty. Research shows that by the year 1996, only 1 percent of the African population consisted of civil servants which is lower compared to other developing countries whereby 3 percent and above of the population are civil servants. Those who are lucky to get civil employment may not be so happy as well, for they receive little wages, which is not good enough to lead a comfortable life. Most of the African nations have more ethnic diversity than other poor countries in the world and this makes it more difficult for them to have or develop an interconnected economy (Collier and Gunni ng, 1999, p. 67). The governments of the Sub Saharan African countries have not done much in fighting ethnicity. People continue to term themselves different from one another and this breeds nepotism and discrimination, which causes many conflicts. People of different ethnic groups have different beliefs and ways of life. What one group does and terms as very good may not be allowed by another group. When such differences occur, cooperation is not very easy and thus developments cannot be arrived at with much ease. The Sub Saharan Africa successes Sometimes back, there was a very high rate of infant mortality in the region. Most of the deaths occurred in children under five years because of the diseases that affect them while at that age. These diseases include measles, tuberculosis, and whooping cough among others. With continued improved medical care, the number of deaths in small children has greatly been reduced as they are immunized against most of the diseases in the first yea r of their lives. The number of children who die at infancy has drastically reduced (Sender, 1999, p. 90). There have been increased medical facilities that facilitate the provision of better health care and in addition to that, there has been improved nutrition adding to the advantage. As a result, there has been increased life expectancy even in the poor countries (Crafts, 1999, p. 21). Credit should also be given to these countries for promoting literacy to its people. It is no longer the time when women were to stay at home and raise children. Fifty years ago, women in Africa were very unlikely ever to attend school and over 90 percent of the adult females were illiterate (Sender, 1999, p. 92). Most of the countries in this region have done a lot to ensure that the girl child is protected, and gets the required education. The World Bank is in the process of making sure that the economy of African countries improves (World Bank 201, p. 1). This will see majority of people access employment and hence improving their living standards. Many of the poor people live and work in the rural areas but perhaps that may change in future as more people are now migrating to the urban centers in search of better lives. This has created a pool of people who are unemployed and many ends up indulging in criminal activities and prostitution for survival. Conclusion The Sub Saharan Africa has had poor development for a long time. It is considered the last in all development records compared to other regions in the world. The region’s tropical climate, which causes tropical diseases and harsh weather for agriculture, is one of the reasons associated with its failures. To add to that, the governments of countries in this region have failed in several ways and this has led to a decline in the economic development of the region. They have failed to provide good infrastructure, fight corruption, and have not been able to scrap taxation that is imposed on different areas of investment. Though these governments have failed in one way or another, they have also had their successes. They have been able to provide better health care and education to their citizens. Reference List Collier, P., and Gunning, J. (1999). Explaining African Economic Performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 37, 64-11. Collier, P., and Gunning, J. (1999). Why has Africa grown slowly? Journal of Economic perspectives, 13, 3-22. Commission on Growth and Development. (2008). The Growth Report, Washington DC: World Bank. Web. Crafts, N. (1999). Economic growth in the twentieth century. Oxford review of economic policy, 15, 18-31. Sender, J. (1999). African’s performance: Limitations of the current consensus. Journal of Economic perspectives, 13, 89-114. World Bank. (2011). Africa’s Future, World Bank: Washington DC. Available from  http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,contentMDK:22846778~pagePK:146736~piPK:226340~theSitePK:258644,00.html This essay on Sub†Saharan Africa poor development record over the last thirty years was written and submitted by user LaNu1t to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chapter 17 Essay Example

Chapter 17 Essay Example Chapter 17 Paper Chapter 17 Paper Essay Topic: Literature How did the merchant class in northern Italy influence the Renaissance? Merchants belief in individual merit would become a recurring theme in the renaissance; they were patrons of the arts In what ways did literature and the arts change during the Renaissance? Art-Realistic style, new techniques Artists and writers-chose secular and classical and Christian subjects Writers-used the vernacular What did northern European rulers do to encourage the spread of Renaissance ideas? They purchased Renaissance art supported Italian and northern artists How were the Christian humanists different from the humanists of the Italian Renaissance? Christian humanists were slightly different because they adopted ideas from humanists but put a religious slant on it and interpreted the ideals based on christian principles On what three teachings did Martin Luther rest his Reformation movement? 1.) people could win salvation only through faith, not good works. 2.) church teachings should be based on the bible, not the bible church traditions) 3.) people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them Why did the Holy Roman emperor go to war against Protestant German princes? He wanted to force the Protestant German Princes to rejoin the Catholic church Why did Henry VIII create his own church? Refer to the time line on pages 492-493. Henry wanted a male heir. That pushed him to split with the church (they would not give him a divorce) and create the Church of England In what ways was John Calvins church different from the Lutheran Church? John Calvins church: believed in predestination, followed strict rules, and promoted theocracy What was the goal of the Catholic Reformation? Was for the Catholic Church to reform itself so that it could retain loyal catholic What are three legacies of the Reformation? 1.) religion no longer united Europe 2.) paved the way for modern nation-states 3.) laid the groundwork for later rejection of Christian beliefs 4.)new schools were founded (education becoming more valued) 5.)Catholic Church became more unified Religious, political, and social effects of the reformation Religious- Catholic Church became more unified Christianity split Church of England Protestants divided Political- Monarchs gained power Modern nation states developed Social- End of serfdom Peasant revolts What role did the printing press play in the spread of the reformation and the spread of democracy? Printing press allowed people to read more information. This caused less dependence won the church. It caused more ideas about democracy and government structure How did the Renaissance and Reformation expand cultural interaction both within Europe and outside of it? Italian artists inspired northern artists and writers. Through trade and exploration. What conditions needed to exist before the Renaissance could occur? Artists and writers had to be supported in ancillary and be open to new ideas and thoughts. Europe had to be stable and at a time of peace d. All answers All answers Follicle bulb papilla arrector pili muscle sebaceous glands A hair follicle is a mass of epidermal cells extending down into the dermis and forming what? A tube What is another name for a pilosebaceous follicle? a. dermal papilla b. vellus hair c. hair bulb d. hair follicle D Hair Follicle Strong healthy hair receives adequate amounts of: a. Vitamins b. minerals c. nutrients d. All answers D. All Answers Vitamins minerals nutrients Hair growth is created by the activity of cells in the: a. stratum corneum b. pores c. basal layer d. dermis C Basal Layer What are the oil ducts or sebaceous glands that are attached to thefollicle responsible for? Lubricating the skin and hair The hair found on a fetus is called ? Lanugo Short, fine downy hair is called ___________. Vellus Hair growth occurs in these stages: a. anagen, catagen and telogen b catagen and telogen c. anagen and telogen d. catagen and anagen A Anagen Catagen Telogen Hair and skin are good barometers for what? The state of a persons health Hirsutism is ? Excessive hair growth The menopause moustache is caused by: a. estrogen b. hormonal distress c. adrenocortical activity d. cumulative sun damage C Adrenocortical activity The 2 types of hair removal are? Temporary and Permanent Removing hair by using electricity is called? Electrolysis Galvanic, thermolysis, and blend are 3methods of removal used by this method. Electrolysis IPLs a. use quick flashes of light b. shatter the targeted hair bulb w/o allowing heat to build up and burn the surrounding skin. c. reduce hair and spider veins d. All answers D- All answers use quick flashes of light shatter targeted hair bulb w/o building up heat and burn surrounding skin. reduce hair and spider veins. What is depilation? Removing the hair at or near the surface of the skin What is epilation? a. removes hair from the bottom of the follicle b. removes hair by breaking contact between the bulb and papilla c. pulls hair out of the follicle d. all answers D All answers Epilation removes the hair from the bottom of the follicle, breaks contact between the bulb and papilla, pulling the hair out of the follicle. Folliculitis barbae is commonly called? Ingrown hair A product that removes hair is called? Depilatory Which of the following answers accurately describes tweezing? a. using tweezers to pull hair out by the root one at a time. b. using tweezers, thread, or sugar to pull out unwanted hair c. a faster method than waxing for hair removal d. permanently removing thehair by pulloing it out, one hair at a time. A using tweezers to pull hair out by the root one at a time Which answers(s) best describes threading? a. uses 100% cotton b. thread is twisted and rolled along the surface of the skin c. entwines hair in the thread andlifts it out of the follicle d. all answers D All answers Threading uses 100% cotton. Threading is when a thread is twisted and rolled along the skin entwining the hair in the thread and lifting it out of the follicle. Waxing failures are caused by ? Skin not held taut The 2 types of waxes are ? Hard and soft Common ingredients added to wax are? a. Azulene b. Chamomile c. Tea tree oil d. All answers D All answers Azulene, Chamomile and Tea Tree oils are all common ingredients found in waxes. Which statement accurately describes hard waxes? a. Gentle enough for the face b. strong enough to remove coarse hairs c. often preferred for bikini and underarms d. all answers D All answers Hard wax is gentle enough for the face, strong enough to remove coarse hairs and is preferred for the bikini and underarm areas. Basic waxing supplies include ? Wax and warmer cleansers and pre- and post-epilation solutions Wax that iswater insoluble is removed by using a(n)? Oil based solution Which of the following best describes on a roll-on wax? Wax that is in an applicator and dispensed by a roll-on head. When using oversized waxing strips, your waxing technique is? Compromised Pellon is a ? fiber-like material that doesnt shed or stretch Which of the following best describes post waxing materials? a. products with antiseptic and soothing properties and hair growth inhibitors. b. products with antiseptic and soothing properties only c. hair growth inhibitors only d. products containing alchohol A Products with antiseptic and soothing properties and hair growth inhibitors. When clients have these conditions and/or diseases, they should not receive a leg waxing service. a. phlebitis, varicose veins, or diabetes b. deep hair roots c. have only a few hairs d. are too hairy A Phlebitis Varicose veins diabetes You should never do a facial waxing on clients who have. a. sunburn, a history of fever blisters, pustules or papules b. recent history of exfoliating topical medications such as Retin-A c. recently used Accutane or other acne medications or topical or oral cortisone d. All answers D All answers NEVER wax on clients who have Sunburn Fever Blisters pustules or papules Recent topical meds for exfoliation (Retin A) Accutane or topical or oral cortisone Before any waxing service you should? Perform a consultation Never apply wax over? warts moles abrasions or inflamed skin Post waxing precautions include: a. dont exfoliate for 48 hours b. avoid sun exposure for 48 hours c. avoid using creams w/fragrance for 48 hours d. All answers D All answers Post waxing precautions include no exfoliation, sun exposure, or creams w/fragrances for 48 hours. Which product is commonly used prior to a waxing service? Witch Hazel What are the advantages of using powder prior to a waxing service? Makes the hair more visible, helps protect the skin and removes moisture. Strip (soft) waxing requires that you apply the wax? a. thickly b. against the direction of the hair growth c. in the direction of the hair growth d. in a horizontal direction C In the direction of the hair growth You should leave approximately a ______ margin on the pulling side of the fabric when doing a strip wax. 1 Hard wax should be applied how thick ? Width of a nickel When applying a muslin or pellon strip, what should you do? Rub the strip in the same direction of the wax application Properly shaped eyebrows are important because? Correctly shaped eyebrows have a strong, positive impact on the overall attractiveness of the face. Why should you apply a non-irritating antiseptic lotion after tweezing an area? Prevents infection and contracts the skin What should you do to minimize discomfort in sensitive areas during waxing? Immediately place pressure on the waxed or tweezed area What should you offer your client during a bikini waxing service? Disposable panties or a small clean towel The greatest challenge when waxing the armpits or a mans back? Grows in several directions and patterns What is trichology? The scientific study of the hair and its diseases. What is hair made of? Hair is made from a hard protien called keratin, which is produced from the hair follicle. Which muscle inserts into the base of the hair follicle? Arrector Pili Muscle What are 3 stages of hair growth? Anagen Catagen Telogen What is the name of the hair growth stage where new hair is produced? Anagen What is thename of regression(falling out) stage of hair growth? Catagen What is the name of the final resting stage of hair growth? Telogen How long does it take for the hair to grow from the papilla to the surface of the skin? 4-13 weeks What is Hirusutism ? Excessive hair growth on the face, arms, legs (especially for wormen) What is hypertirichosis? Excessive growth of hair where hair doesnt normally grow What are the 2 general categories of methods of hair removal? Temporary Permanent What is an example of permanent hair removal? Electrolysis What is Galvanic method of electrolysis? Uses direct current, which causes chemical decomposition of the hair follicle. What is Thermolysis method of Electrolysis? Uses high frequency, producing heat which coagulates and destroys the hair follicle. What is the blend form of electrolysis? A combination of Galvanic and Thermolysis, sending a current through a fine needle or probe of both AC and DC simutaneously. It is reportably quicker than Galvanic alone. What are 3 methods of Electrolysis? Galvanic Thermolysis Blend What are 2 methods of hair removal which is considered temporary? Depilation Epilation ; What is the definition of depilation? Depilation is the process of removing hair at or near the level of the skin. (shaving, chemical depilation) What is Epilation? Epilation is the process of removing hair by breaking contact between the bulb and papilla. The hair is pulled out of the follicle. (tweezing/waxing and sugaring) What is a depilatory? A substance, usually a caustic alkali preparation, used for the temporary removal of superfluoushairby dissolving it at the skin level. What direction should the hair be removed when tweezing? In the direction of the growth Where should you start tweezing eyebrows? from the inner corner of the eye How long should hair be in order for waxing to be effective? 1/4 to 1/2 inch What are the 2 types of waxes ? Hard Soft What are some contraindications for waxing procedures? Recent chemical peels (acid based products) Recent microderm abrasion, injectables (botox) Recent cosmetic or reconstructive surgery Rosacea or very sensitive skin sunburn HIstory of fever blisters or cold sores Presence of pustules or papules on waxing area Usage of topical exfoliants (Retin-A, Renova, Tazorac, Differin, Azelex, other peeling agents, or Vitamin A topical products) Hydroquinone for skin lightening Topical or oral cortisone medication Accutane or other acne medications Blood thinning medications What are the most important things to remember about the wax removal technique? Hold the skin tight, remove the wax quickly, and do no lift up during the pull. In what direction should hair be removed during waxing? IN the direction opposite of the growth How should you pull the strip ? Parallel to the skin in the opposite direction of the growth w/o lifting up. How should you pull the hair while tweezing? A quick smooth motion in the direction of the hair growth What should be done prior to applying wax to the face ? Remove makeup Cleansing of the area thoroughly dry the area Can the spatula be dipped in the wax more than once? NO never double dip How can burns be prevented ? Always test the temperature of the heated wax before applying it to the clients skin. Can any hair be removed from warts, moles? No, because the wax could cause trauma to the mole. What parts contain hair roots? Medulla Cortex Cuticle What is the difference between languno and vellus hair? Languno is hair on a fetus, hair formation actually begins prior to birth. Vellus hair i sfound in areas that are not covered by the larger, coarse hairs found and the head and brows. .. a good example is the cheeks. They both describe a short, soft downy fine hair. The main structures of the hair below the surface of the skin are? Follicle Bulb Papilla Arrector pili muscle sebaceous glands A hair follicle is a mass of epidermal cells extending down into the dermis and forming what? A tube What is the other name for a polosebaceous follicle? Hair follicle Hair growth is created by the activity of cells in the ________________ layer. Basal The menopausal moustache is caused by ? Adrenocortical activity IPLs do what? Use quick flashes of light Shatter the hair bulb w/o allowing heat to build up and burn the surrounding skin. reduces hair and spider veins.

Portfolio-Advancing Career Development Coursework

Portfolio-Advancing Career Development - Coursework Example My past experiences have played an incredibly essential role in facilitating the achievement of the required aptitude and skills for future career development (Yorke and Knight, 2007). Despite having worked in various organisations I have as well learnt several technical skills through class work and team work. As a qualified professional, I aim at becoming a prominent professional and an entrepreneur in local and global market. Despite aiming at becoming a prominent global entrepreneur, I as well plan to become a role model to numerous young professionals with a vision of becoming managers and directors of universally well-known multinational organisations. The career advanced portfolio below therefore gives an overview of my career advanced portfolio explaining the student current achievement as well as future career expectation. The Jaguar Land Rover Company is a popularly known global premium automotive brand. The company employs over 20, 000 passionate and talented employees in its global outlets. Moreover, the company sells more than 300,000 units in over 175 countries in global market. The company main production plant is in United Kingdom. The Jaguar Land Rover Company has several graduate job opportunities in varies parts of the world which include: purchasing, finance human resource management, information technology as well as marketing and sales job opportunities. The Peugeot Company has total revenue of 59.9 pounds. The company has sold over 3, 549, 416 vehicles in its global markets. Peugeot Company as well operates in more than 160 countries globally. The company has 208,649 employees worldwide and dominate more than 13% in United Kingdom stock market. Information technology, human resources finance and logistics are some of the available opportunities in Peugeot Company. The Santander Company is a retail bank. The bank has employed 170,000 employees in its global outlets. The bank has 90 million customers in the global market.

Assignment #3 Petty v. Metropolitan Govt of Nashville & Davidson Research Paper

Assignment #3 Petty v. Metropolitan Govt of Nashville & Davidson County - Research Paper Example As is specified by Mollica (2008), at the heart of this, the principal dispute in this case is whether or not Metro had violated USERRA, in its handling or treatment of Petty. Petty had left the department for active duty with the United States Army and sought redeployment with the department after the completion of his military service. There are four key functions that USERRA performs. These include: the guaranteeing returning veterans the right of re-employment after military service; preventing employers from discriminating against returning veterans, in relation to their military service; prescribing the position to which army veterans are entitled upon their return; and preventing employers from firing returning veterans arbitrarily, within a year of reemployment. In light of the four functions, it is right to state that USERRA exists to consolidate the rights of returning veterans who are seeking reemployment upon return from service. However, even in light of the foregoing, Metro delayed re-hiring Petty by subjecting her through the entire return-to-work process. Secondly, Metro violated the reemployment provisions of USERRA by not according Petty the position he had been qualified for. The Court made a conclusion that Petty’s claim for discrimination under USERRA was legitimate and founded on truth because he had satisfied all the stipulations for the reinstatement. Again, the court continued that Petty’s petition for reemployment was made in a timely manner, and his discharge done honorably. In the USERRA lawsuit, Petty had cogently argued that the department had unlawfully delayed his reemployment and declined to restore him [Petty] to his patrol sergeant’s position. This was discriminatory against Petty, by virtue of his military service record. The argument by the department that it was merely observing uniform fitness for duty procedures which Nashville and the surrounding county did not suffice in the court. Metro

Deviations in Psychology and Diagnostic Statistical Manual

Deviations in Psychology and Diagnostic Statistical Manual Abnormal psychology Task A Two ways that abnormality can be defined are: a deviation from the social norm or a deviation from the ideal mental health. A deviation from the social norms The social norms are the expected behavior of people in the environment you are in. Social norms are not set in stone rules of behavior, but expected known behavior that is different to every social group or area an example of this is suggested by (McLeod, 2008)† For example, it is common in Southern Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK.† The socially excepted behavior is important within a group as it outlines the behavior that is expected in this group but a deviation from what is expected in this group can cause other members of the group to feel uncomfortable, when referring to the previous example if someone was to behave in that manner in the UK it would cause a uncomforted or suspicion of that person. A deviation from ideal mental health When looking at the deviation from ideal mental health we first look at what is considered to be normal. This was outlined by Jahoda (1958) who outlined the six characteristics of ideal mental health these are outlined by (McLeod, 2008) â€Å"o Positive view of the self Capability for growth and development Autonomy and independence Accurate perception of reality Positive friendships and relationships Environmental mastery – able to meet the varying demands of day-to-day situations† By using the definitions of these six attributes of ideal mental health the absence of one of these can indicate the possibility of abnormality. Problems in defining abnormality We define abnormality within definitions like the two previously explained but defining them in this way comes with inconstancies and problems. Firstly there are many types of social groups in our society. Within every group within society there are accepted unwritten rules of behaviour but they are not the same within each group, but an outsider to a group may have different learnt behaviours, where as a action may be considered normal by one group may not by another, so just because they have a different set of behaviours to that group this person may be considered abnormal but dose that necessary make them abnormal. When you think about how we pick up these behaviours and look at them closely we are always changing our behaviours through learning different acceptable interacting and the changing of ideas as we grow and learn. This problem is evident by looking at abnormality as a deviation from statistical norms as well as because if in fact if a large percentage of a group has an abnormality this would suggest that this is normal in statistical terms. The problems with the deviation for ideal mental health also raises a lot of questions as a person may have a lot of these attributes and functions well but say for example they find it hard to reflect analytically on past events both negatively and positively to draw conclusions from that then it would be considered to be abnormal but this is not necessarily true as a lot of people tend to look at the negatives from a situation and may find it hard to find the positives dose this really mean they are abnormal? DSM- diagnostic statistical manual of mental illness The DSM is used by psychiatrists in order to effectively diagnose the condition that the patient is suffering from. The DSM is the way that mental illnesses are diagnosed this is done through the 5 axis system these are: clinical disorders, personal disorders, general medical condition, psychosocial and environment problems and global assessment of functioning, axis 1, 2, 3 are the ones that must be used in order to make a diagnosis but other two axis can be used to build up a bigger picture. By using the axis of the DSM it can be used to build up a picture of what is happening and what may be causing the symptoms that they are displaying. DSM IV TR and the DSM V The DSM is constantly being updated in order to keep up to date with the best diagnosis for patients. The newest version of the DSM is the DSM V. some of the changes that has been made in this version include the change to autism related conditions in the DSM IV TR they were separate conditions e.g. autism ,asperger’s where as in the new edition there has been a change where they have been grouped together under the autistic spectrum, this is a good update as it allows for personalized support to those diagnosed with the condition where as in the past the straight cut diagnosis may have caused judgment or in some causes unaware of the condition so unable to support the condition where as with this diagnosis they can work out the best individual support. Another change that has occurred in the DSM V is the change to eating disorders in the previous DSM binge eating was not included but now it has been included in order to give support. All eating disorders are different and the need for different support is important and allows for sensitive appropriate care to help that patient. Another of the changes is the addition of the hording disorder. It is important that changes like the ones explained are made as development of the understanding of various conditions are constantly being improved so changes in the DSM ensures a valid guide of mental illness. Evaluation of the DSM The DSM is a good tool in diagnosing mental conditions but should only be used as a guide. It is important that it is updated regularly to ensure the validity of the diagnosis’s that are being given, sometimes it is hard to distinguish between different conditions. A full and un-bias look at all the details of the person’s condition should be assessed. In the past the validity of the DSM has been questioned especially in 1973 where a number of people acted out mental disorder to gain entry into a hospital but whilst in the hospital the behaved normally and said any symptoms had gone but they were still diagnosed with mental conditions, and then secondly the hospital staff were told there were be test patients with no condition and people who have conditions were believed to have no condition. This brings the question of is the DSM reliable this is suggested by (holah , unknown ) â€Å"Rosenhan claims that the study demonstrates that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell t he difference between people who are sane and those who are insane.† This is why updates to the DSM are important to ensure that diagnoses are valid. The only other concern about the use of the DSM is where a condition is not serious a diagnosis has the danger of labeling a patient which in society could have a negative action that could cause distress to the patient as in society a lot of conditions are stigmatized which needs to be actively stopped through knowledge. But as a guide it is a very useful tool to help patients and continued development can only help patients and help to them receiving correct support and treatment. Bibliography holah , unknown . http://www.holah.co.uk/study/rosenhan/. [Online] Available at: http://www.holah.co.uk/study/rosenhan/ [Accessed 20 Febuary 2014]. McLeod, S., 2008. Simply Psychology. [Online] Available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html [Accessed 18 Febuary 2014].