Deviations in Psychology and Diagnostic Statistical Manual

Deviations in Psychology and Diagnostic Statistical Manual Abnormal psychology Task A Two ways that abnormality can be defined are: a deviation from the social norm or a deviation from the ideal mental health. A deviation from the social norms The social norms are the expected behavior of people in the environment you are in. Social norms are not set in stone rules of behavior, but expected known behavior that is different to every social group or area an example of this is suggested by (McLeod, 2008)† For example, it is common in Southern Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK.† The socially excepted behavior is important within a group as it outlines the behavior that is expected in this group but a deviation from what is expected in this group can cause other members of the group to feel uncomfortable, when referring to the previous example if someone was to behave in that manner in the UK it would cause a uncomforted or suspicion of that person. A deviation from ideal mental health When looking at the deviation from ideal mental health we first look at what is considered to be normal. This was outlined by Jahoda (1958) who outlined the six characteristics of ideal mental health these are outlined by (McLeod, 2008) â€Å"o Positive view of the self Capability for growth and development Autonomy and independence Accurate perception of reality Positive friendships and relationships Environmental mastery – able to meet the varying demands of day-to-day situations† By using the definitions of these six attributes of ideal mental health the absence of one of these can indicate the possibility of abnormality. Problems in defining abnormality We define abnormality within definitions like the two previously explained but defining them in this way comes with inconstancies and problems. Firstly there are many types of social groups in our society. Within every group within society there are accepted unwritten rules of behaviour but they are not the same within each group, but an outsider to a group may have different learnt behaviours, where as a action may be considered normal by one group may not by another, so just because they have a different set of behaviours to that group this person may be considered abnormal but dose that necessary make them abnormal. When you think about how we pick up these behaviours and look at them closely we are always changing our behaviours through learning different acceptable interacting and the changing of ideas as we grow and learn. This problem is evident by looking at abnormality as a deviation from statistical norms as well as because if in fact if a large percentage of a group has an abnormality this would suggest that this is normal in statistical terms. The problems with the deviation for ideal mental health also raises a lot of questions as a person may have a lot of these attributes and functions well but say for example they find it hard to reflect analytically on past events both negatively and positively to draw conclusions from that then it would be considered to be abnormal but this is not necessarily true as a lot of people tend to look at the negatives from a situation and may find it hard to find the positives dose this really mean they are abnormal? DSM- diagnostic statistical manual of mental illness The DSM is used by psychiatrists in order to effectively diagnose the condition that the patient is suffering from. The DSM is the way that mental illnesses are diagnosed this is done through the 5 axis system these are: clinical disorders, personal disorders, general medical condition, psychosocial and environment problems and global assessment of functioning, axis 1, 2, 3 are the ones that must be used in order to make a diagnosis but other two axis can be used to build up a bigger picture. By using the axis of the DSM it can be used to build up a picture of what is happening and what may be causing the symptoms that they are displaying. DSM IV TR and the DSM V The DSM is constantly being updated in order to keep up to date with the best diagnosis for patients. The newest version of the DSM is the DSM V. some of the changes that has been made in this version include the change to autism related conditions in the DSM IV TR they were separate conditions e.g. autism ,asperger’s where as in the new edition there has been a change where they have been grouped together under the autistic spectrum, this is a good update as it allows for personalized support to those diagnosed with the condition where as in the past the straight cut diagnosis may have caused judgment or in some causes unaware of the condition so unable to support the condition where as with this diagnosis they can work out the best individual support. Another change that has occurred in the DSM V is the change to eating disorders in the previous DSM binge eating was not included but now it has been included in order to give support. All eating disorders are different and the need for different support is important and allows for sensitive appropriate care to help that patient. Another of the changes is the addition of the hording disorder. It is important that changes like the ones explained are made as development of the understanding of various conditions are constantly being improved so changes in the DSM ensures a valid guide of mental illness. Evaluation of the DSM The DSM is a good tool in diagnosing mental conditions but should only be used as a guide. It is important that it is updated regularly to ensure the validity of the diagnosis’s that are being given, sometimes it is hard to distinguish between different conditions. A full and un-bias look at all the details of the person’s condition should be assessed. In the past the validity of the DSM has been questioned especially in 1973 where a number of people acted out mental disorder to gain entry into a hospital but whilst in the hospital the behaved normally and said any symptoms had gone but they were still diagnosed with mental conditions, and then secondly the hospital staff were told there were be test patients with no condition and people who have conditions were believed to have no condition. This brings the question of is the DSM reliable this is suggested by (holah , unknown ) â€Å"Rosenhan claims that the study demonstrates that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell t he difference between people who are sane and those who are insane.† This is why updates to the DSM are important to ensure that diagnoses are valid. The only other concern about the use of the DSM is where a condition is not serious a diagnosis has the danger of labeling a patient which in society could have a negative action that could cause distress to the patient as in society a lot of conditions are stigmatized which needs to be actively stopped through knowledge. But as a guide it is a very useful tool to help patients and continued development can only help patients and help to them receiving correct support and treatment. Bibliography holah , unknown . http://www.holah.co.uk/study/rosenhan/. [Online] Available at: http://www.holah.co.uk/study/rosenhan/ [Accessed 20 Febuary 2014]. McLeod, S., 2008. Simply Psychology. [Online] Available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html [Accessed 18 Febuary 2014].

Jean-Paul Sartre Essay

Existentialism focuses on the idea that life has no meaning and is considered absurd. Existential philosophers believe that humans create their own values and determine a meaning for their lives because, from the start, the human being does not possess any inherent value or identity. â€Å"Existence precedes essence† is one of the most well-known existential statements and describes how our concrete being is more important than its purpose. The existentialism movement introduced a new way of perceiving life and was illustrated through poetry, visual art and lecturing. Using these methods poets, artists and philosophers were able to convey the understanding that searching for a meaning to life is futile, and pursuing it can lead to the brink of complete comprehension about one’s purpose for existing, and in turn can cause one to recognize that life is only as meaningful as one makes it out to be. In â€Å"Freedom vs. Determinism† by Tom Greening, the poet rhetorically questions how the universe works in order to show the reader the impossibility of knowing why things happen. Greening uses the line â€Å"While we argue, life goes by† to illustrate the point that no matter how much time and effort is put into fighting over why things happen, life will continuously move forward. He is arguing that if we waste time attempting to understand the meaning of life, we will only reach the edge of understanding. Through the struggle to achieve this â€Å"understanding,† our personal lives can begin to elude us. In â€Å"Untitled† by Jackson Pollock, the artist uses abstract paint dripping and brush strokes to express the idea that life is not meant to be understood. With the painting, Pollock is showing how life is abstract at times, especially when its meaning is pursued. This is similar to the idea in the unifying thematic statement of the futility of searching for the meaning of life. Life’s conceivable meaning is not meant to be understood, much like the painting. In â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism† by Jean-Paul Sartre, the lecturer defends existentialism from criticisms of being pessimistic and gloomy. He explains that man materializes at birth, and only after this occurs can he make something of himself, creating his own life without any outside force pushing him. He states that man is what he conceives himself to be, and nothing else. Sartre says â€Å"man is nothing other than what he makes of himself,† to convey the idea similar to the one in the unifying thematic statement, that life is only as significant as an individual makes it out to be. All three existentialists used their mediums to come to the conclusion that there is not one concrete meaning to life. Each individual puts meaning to their own lives. Through understanding this principle meaning of existentialism, Greening, Pollock and Sartre exhibited the fact that one should realize the mere existence of life is the only thing that matters, and should not be wasted on vain attempts to understand its meaning.

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 43

Elena had a feeling she couldn't quite describe. It wasn't letdown. It was†¦let up. For what seemed like most of her life she had been searching for Stefan. But now she had him back again, quite safe and clean (he'd had a long bath while she insisted on scrubbing him gently with all sorts of brushes and pumice stones, and then a shower, and then a rather cramped shower with her). His hair was drying into the silky soft dark shock – a little longer than he usually kept it – that she knew. He hadn't had energy for frivolities like keeping his hair short and clean before. Elena understood that. And now†¦there were no guards or kitsune around to spy on them. There was nothing to keep them from each other. They had been playful in the shower, splashing each other, Elena always making sure to keep her feet on the no-slip guard and ready to try to support Stefan's lanky weight. But they could not be playful now. The shower's spray had been very helpful, too – at concealing the teardrops that kept flowing down Elena's cheeks. She could – oh, dear heaven – count and feel each one of his ribs. He was just bones and skin, her beautiful Stefan, but his green eyes were alive, sparkling and dancing in his pale face. After they were dressed in nightclothes they simply sat on the bed for a little while. Sitting together, both breathing – Stefan had got into the habit from being around humans so much and, recently, from trying to eke out the small amount of nutrition he received – in synchronicity, and both feeling the other's warm body beside them†¦it was almost too much. Then, almost tentatively, Stefan groped for Elena's hand, and catching it, held it in both of his, turning it over wonderingly. Elena was swallowing and swallowing, trying to make a start in a conversation, felt herself practically radiating bliss. Oh, I never want anything more, she thought, although she knew that soon enough she would want to talk, and to hold, and to kiss, and to feed Stefan. But if someone had asked her if she would have accepted just this, sitting together, communicating by touch and love alone, she would have accepted it. Before she knew it, she was talking, words that came like bubbles out of molasses, only these were bubbles from her soul. â€Å"I thought that somehow I might lose this time. That I'd won so many times, and that this time something would teach me a lesson and you†¦wouldn't make it.† Stefan was still wondering over her hand, bending industriously to kiss each separate finger. â€Å"You call ‘winning' dying in pain and sunlight to save my worthless life – and my even more worthless brother's?† â€Å"I call this a better kind of winning,† Elena admitted. â€Å"Any time we get to be together is winning. Any moment – even in that dungeon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Stefan winced, but Elena had to finish her thought. â€Å"Even there, to look in your eyes, to touch your hand, to know that you were looking at me and touching me – and that you were happy – well, that's winning, in my book.† Stefan lifted his eyes to hers. In the dim light, the green looked suddenly dark and mysterious. â€Å"And one more thing,† he whispered. â€Å"Because I am what I am†¦and because your crowning glory isn't that glorious golden cloud of hair, but an aura that is†¦ineffable. Indescribable. Beyond any words†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena had thought they would sit and simply gaze at each other, drowning in each other's eyes, but that wasn't happening. Stefan's expression had slipped and Elena realized how close to bloodlust – and to death – he still really was. Hurriedly, Elena pulled her damp hair to one side of her neck, and then she leaned back, knowing Stefan would catch her. He did this, but although Elena tilted her chin back, he tilted it down in his two hands to look at her. â€Å"Do you know how much I love you?† he asked. His entire face was masked now, enigmatic and strangely thrilling. â€Å"I don't think you do,† he whispered. â€Å"I've watched and watched how you were willing to do anything, anything to save me†¦but I don't think you know how much that love has been building up, Elena†¦.† Delicious shivers were going down Elena's spine. â€Å"Then you'd better show me,† she whispered. â€Å"Or I might not believe that you mean it – â€Å" â€Å"I'll show you what I mean,† Stefan whispered back. But when he bent down it was to kiss her softly. The feelings inside Elena – that this starving creature wanted to kiss her instead of going at once for her throat, reached a peak that she could not explain in thoughts or words, but only by drawing Stefan's head so that his mouth rested on her neck. â€Å"Please,† she said. â€Å"Oh, Stefan, please.† Then she felt the quick sacrificial pains, and then Stefan was drinking her blood, and her mind, which had been fluttering around like a bird in a lighted room, now saw its nest and its mate and swooped up and up and up to at last reach unity with its best-beloved. After that there was no need for clumsy things like words. They communicated in thoughts as pure and clear as shimmering gems, and Elena rejoiced because all of Stefan's mind was open to her, and none of it was walled off or dark and there were no boulders of secrets or chained and weeping children†¦ What! she heard Stefan exclaim voicelessly. A child in chains? A mountain-sized boulder? Who could have that in their mind – ? Stefan broke off, knowing the answer, even before Elena's lightning-swift thought could tell him. Elena felt the clear green wave of his pity, spiced by the natural anger of a young man who has gone through the depths of hell, but untainted by the terrible black poison of hatred of brother for brother. When Elena had finished explaining all she knew about Damon's mental processes, she said, And I don't know what to do! I've done everything I could, Stefan, I've – I've even loved him. I gave him everything that wasn't yours alone. But I don't know if it's made even the slightest difference. He called Matt â€Å"Matt† instead of Mutt, Stefan interrupted. Yes. I†¦noticed that. I'd kept asking him to, but it never seemed to matter. It mattered this way: you managed to change him. Not many people can. Elena wrapped him in a tight embrace, stopped, worried that it was too tight, and glanced at him. He smiled and shook his head. He was already looking like a person rather than a death camp survivor. You should keep using it, Stefan said voicelessly. Your influence over him is strongest. I will – without any artificial Wings, Elena promised. Then she worried that Stefan would think her too presumptuous – or too attached. But one look at Stefan was enough to assure her that she was doing the right thing. They clung to each other. It wasn't as hard as Elena had imagined it would be – handing Stefan over to other humans to be bled. Stefan had a clean pair of pajamas on, and the first thing he said to all three donors was, â€Å"If you get frightened or change your mind, just say so. I can hear perfectly well, and I'm not in bloodlust. And anyway, I'll probably sense it if you're not enjoying it before you do, and I'll stop. And finally – thank you – thank you all. I've decided to break my oath tonight because there's still some little chance that if I slept I wouldn't wake up tomorrow without you.† Bonnie was horrified and indignant and furious. â€Å"You mean you couldn't sleep all that time because you were afraid to – to†¦?† â€Å"I did fall asleep from time to time, but thank fortune – thank God – I always woke up again. There were times when I didn't dare move to conserve energy, but somehow Elena kept finding ways to come to me, and every single time she came, she brought me some kind of sustenance.† He gave Elena a look that sent her heart spinning out of her chest and high into the stratosphere. And then she set up a schedule, with Stefan being fed every hour on the hour, and then she and the others left the first volunteer, Bonnie, alone, so as to be more comfortable. It was the next morning. Damon had already been out to visit Leigh, the antiques-seller's niece, who had seemed very glad to see him. And now he was back, to look with scorn at the slug-a-beds who were distributed all around the boardinghouse. That was when he saw the bouquet. It was heavily sealed down with wards – amulets to help get it through the dimensional gap. There was something powerful in there. Damon cocked his head to one side. Hmm†¦I wonder what? Dear Diary, I don't know what to say. We're home. Last night we each had a long bath†¦and I was half-disappointed, because my favorite long-handled back-scrubbing brush wasn't there, and there was no star ball to make dreamy music for Stefan – and the water was LUKEWARM! And Stefan went to see if the water heater was turned on all the way and met Damon going to do the same thing! Only, they couldn't because we're home again. But I woke up a couple of hours ago for a few minutes to see the most beautiful sight in the world†¦a sunrise. Pale pink and eerie green in the east, with nighttime still full dark in the west. Then deeper rose in the sky, and the trees all wreathed in dew clouds. Then a shiny glory from the edge of the horizon and dark rose, cream, and even a green melon color in the sky, Finally, a line of fire and in an instant all the colors change. The line becomes an arc, the western sky is deepest deepest blue, and then up comes the sun bringing warmth and light and color to the green trees and the sky begins to become celestial blue – celestial just means heavenly, although somehow, I have a delicious shivery feeling when I say it. The sky becomes a gemlike, celestial, cerulean blue and the golden sun begins to pour energy, love, light, and every good thing onto the world. Who could not be happy to watch this while Stefan held her? We who are so lucky as to be born into the light – who see it every day and never think about it, we're blessed. We could have been born shadow souls who live and die in crimson darkness, never even knowing that somewhere there is something better.

The Concept of Property in English Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3341 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? The Roman law first divided the property into real and personal property and it has been stuck in the English property law ever since. Property may be either real or personal. In England, real property has superior value than personal property. The real property is owned in England in complete ownership. This means that it is assumed that the real property is owned in perpetuity and passed on to the legal heir in case of intestate case. However, personal property moves with the owners and on the event of death of the owner, are divided according to the laws relating to such distributions unless a will is left by the deceased. A real property must also move from one person to another with the help of a deed but personal property does not need the same. In case of transfer of real property, a contract of sale needs to be prepared. Also, the real property must be registered to determine the current owner. So even in case of purchase the buyer must first look into the registration papers to find out whether the seller has the authority to sell and also must get the property registered in his name. So, transfer of real property can be a bit cumbersome. Meaning of property- In general terms, property means anything that can be legally owned by a person is known as property. This property can be of two types- real and personal property. Real Property It consists of land and the related things. The buildings that are attached to land and the things associated with the building are all included in real property. Trees and plants growing naturally are also included in real property (Alchian, 2008). The trees and crops that are cultivated by the efforts of men are not included in the real property. Real property is also called real estateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or realty. It consists of immovable property. Personal Property It is further divided into chattels and intangibles. Chattels- All the tangible things that a person possesses from cars t o mobile phones are all considered as chattels. Any movable tangible property that a person owns can be classified as chattels. Intangibles- All the things that cannot be seen or touched and yet are owned by individuals are called intangibles. This may include legal rights to certain things. Insurance policies, licenses, intellectual property, stocks, bonds etc. all are included in intangibles. Personal property includes all the movable property. It is the private property of an individual. Land has always been seen as a symbol of wealth and power since longest of times. Men of any culture who had land ownership were considered rich and powerful. British considered it as a privilege to have some form of land ownership as few of them could even live off their whole lives living on the income they got from renting their land. In the 16th century England, land owners were considered nobility. The social status of the land owners was ever increasing. The poor farmers worked on the lands of the rich who were defined by the amount of land they owned. Due to several kinds of taxation introduced in 20th century, the position of land as the primary source of wealth declined. Yet, it held a great importance as compared to other kinds of property. Also, the natives held far greater importance to their land. They were spiritually attached to their lands apart from being physically and culturally attached. They feel a connection to their lands. Their whole life is sustained by that land and they seem to attach spiritual connection to it. In the third world countries, land is the only source of income. They people are poor enough to explore other opportunities and thus live on that piece of land for generations. It is an important element of survival to these people. The people of the countryside never traded their land except in dire circumstances. It was a source of pride and gave a stand to the person in the society. People having several hectares of land in a p articular area considered themselves as elite in the area they lived in. (Cheshire and Burn, 2000) Current scenario does not see such dedication towards land. Land is considered just another property owned by an individual. He buys it for profit motive and do not associate their feelings and emotions to the land. They buy land due to its ever increasing prices and sell it at higher price. The spiritual and cultural attachment with the land has declined but the economic attachment to land has not at all lessened. Land is kept by the people with the view to gain benefits in the future. New opportunities and urbanization have reduced the importance of land. It does not remain the only source of survival. The natives may give importance to the land handed over to them by their ancestors but the immigrants absolutely do not. It means legal possession of land. It is an old English term which includes not only the possession but also the ownership and title of the land. It also inclu des the right to transfer the property. According to feudal law of England, seisin is the possession of the estate. The term is not used for any other property except land of freehold tenure. It gives the owner a legal right to the property, even if there is a matter of inheritance of land, the word seisin is used. It was passed by United Kingdom Parliament. This Act was passed to modernize the real property law and also dealt with transfer of property. It was passed to make the transactions related to land easier. It has solved many problems related to land transactions that occurred before passing this Act. (Law of property Act, 1925) The sale of land was to be made as easy as sale of goods. The previous problems and issues related to land transfer were addressed and eventually kept in mind when the law was to be framed. The official records of title of land had to be kept. That was known to solve the problem of identification of title that seemed to commonly arise before trans fer. The ownership was difficult to track before this law. The owner of a particular estate could not be determined due to the fact that the land was divided into several small fragments and the paperwork could not always be completed. (Wolstenholme Cherry, 1972) The non-determination of title led to reluctance of the purchasers to purchase a piece of land required. The third party involvement also made the land undesirable for the purchaser. The Act has made the procedure simpler for both buyer and purchaser. The list of owners of land had to be kept and the transfer of title had to be properly organized. Also, the Act limited the number of people with legal rights over land thus successfully avoiding fragmentation of land. The third party interests were also kept in mind while drawing up this Act. The names of the estate owners were collected and every land that had been passed from one person to another was recorded with every owner. There were some problems regarding this as seen in the case of Oak Co-operative Building Society v Blackburn (1968) where it was held that a registration in a version of an estate owners full names was not a nullity against a purchaser who did not search at all or searched in an incorrect name. Diligent Finance Co Ltd v Alleyne (1971) held that registering against the wrong name will not bind a third party who subsequently searches against the correct full name. The vendor was asked to bring out all the titles within fifteen years which meant that the purchaser should not be concerned with the titles before fifteen years. It worked in the interest of both vendors as well as the purchasers. The vendors should make a note of their rights regarding the land title and the purchaser must take a notice of it. In case of Worthington v Morgan (1849) no investigation of title deed were made. The liability does not lie in the hands of the vendor if none of the investigation has been done. Unregistered title deeds were to be made clea r and if a purchaser does not mind it at the time of purchase as in the case of Hunt v Luck (1902) that brings liability to the purchaser and not the vendor. This Act brought about ease of transfer of title bringing about certainty to vendors, purchaser and third parties. The objective of this act was to bring about a level of fairness, transparency, comprehensiveness and accuracy in the registration process. When a land is registered, the registration is itself a document verifying the title ownership. Once the land is registered, there is no further proof required for ownership of land. Registration also reduces the risk of a purchaser being bound by undiscoverable third-party rights because a purchaser of registered land takes it free from all encumbrances except for those which are protected by an entry on the register and overriding interests, but to nothing else. Fixtures are those physical objects that are permanently attached to the house or a building. If the title of th e building has been passed on by the vendor to the purchaser, the title of the fixtures goes to the purchaser too as there is permanent fixation involved. At the date of exchange of the contracts these fixtures are transferred even if the transfer does not explicitly mention them. Fittings are a part of movable property and are not permanent. They are not transferred along with the transfer of the house or building except in those cases where the transfer of these are talked about in the deed itself. (Canon, 1997) If any type of fitting is done in such a way that it cannot be separated without doing major damage to the property are perceived as fixtures and are thus transferred to the purchaser automatically so it depends upon the type of fixtures and fittings whether it will be transferred to the purchaser or not. Because the same things can sometimes, due to their temporary nature, be classified as fittings and in other times, when they are of permanent nature, are classifie d as fixtures. A freeholder is a person who owns the building or a house and the land where it stands, forever. He has the absolute ownership over the land and the house. There is no need to pay any type of rent and they have full control over the maintenance of the house who can change the house construction according to their whims. In UK if a person has a freehold right over a property he is said to own it outright forever. Freehold property, for obvious reasons, costs more than the leasehold property. However, the rights over the house are also unlimited. If the owner decides to sell the house he can fully do so as he has the title over the land and the building. A leaseholder only leases the house for a certain number of years from the freeholder. He has a contract with the freeholder for a certain number of years after which the land and the building is reverted back to the freeholder and remains with him till the lease is renewed. The leaseholder needs to pay the rent, maintenance fees, insurance and service charges. They are subject to restrictions and any changes done on the property must be first communicated to the freeholder, on whose permission only, will the changes be allowed to done on the property. If the terms of lease are not followed, the freeholder is allowed to forfeit the lease. A lease with shorter time frame is not worth. (Stanciulescu, 2012): Longer leases are said to be stable. After the expiry of the lease period it can again be renewed after a fresh agreement has been made and accepted. The leaseholder has the right to the building for a certain period but never on the land on which it stands. The leaser must make sure before renewing or extending the lease or buying the property converting himself from leaseholder to freeholder of the property that the title lies in the hands of his freeholder and he is not a third party in the whole transactions. He must look into the registration papers of the freeholders failing which will cause the liability of damage to fall on them. Also, the date of the title must be inspected. Sometimes the freeholders may no longer be the freeholders of the property and the property might have been transferred (Daniel, 2001). All the documents must be carefully inspected and all the aspects of the document must be understood. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Houseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, in case of leasehold property, does not include horizontal division of building or flats. It also does not include garage, yard, outhouse, garden and other such things. Lease contract must mention the lease of these premises too failing which will not grant the right to the leaseholder to use it. At any point of time, if the leaseholder fails to make any kind of payment or fulfil a condition mentioned in the contract, the freeholder can forfeit the contract and the leaseholder would be asked to leave the property. The notice of extension of lease or desire to have freehold right over a property must be carefully kept and must be presented in the office of Land Registry along with other documents. On the completion of the procedure of acquisition of freehold title, application must be given regarding the transfer of title, if the property is already registered and first time registration of land, if it is not registered before. On the transfer of title, the previous freeholder loses all the rights over the land and these rights transfer to the existing owner. In the earlier inheritance laws in UK, the sons were the only ones who had the authority to inherit the property. Daughters had no said whatsoever in the inheritance. The English law of inheritance have been inspired by Anglo-Saxon law and Norman feudalism. Earlier, various places had various types of succession rules. However, after Norman invasion uniform laws were established. Norman feudalism meant all land was held by the monarch (Klein and Robinson, 1997). These estates were granted to Lords who gave it to tenants that had no r ights on the land. The land would be transferred to the lineal descendant of the tenant and there were no lineal descendant after the death of the tenant then the land would be transferred then the land would be reverted back to the Lord. When a person dies and leaves a will behind him then it is known as testate succession. If the person dies and does not leave a will behind then it is called intestate succession. In case of testate succession, the wealth is distributed as per the will keeping in mind the legal rights of the persons. In case of Intestate succession, the wealth and estate of a person is distributed according to the laws of succession being followed by the state. The distribution of estate is easier in case of testate inheritance as the representatives just have to apply and obtain the grant of Probate that they are acting on the wishes of the testator. However, the testator must be proved to be of enough mental capacity to draw out a will and also checked that th e will is not drawn under coercion. Also the testator must know all about the will and any part that is drawn without his consent must not be executed. The Court does not have the power to draw a will on behalf of the testator. Also, the ratification of the will has limited possibility. It must be ratified within six months of the date of grant according to the English rule (Eliescu, 2012). The executors of the will must also be careful while distributing the estate. Moreover, he must not hold any property of the testator for long and pass it on to the mentioned Representatives after doing sufficient investigation of the same. But, it is important to consider that marriage of the testator automatically revokes the will. The exception may be that the testator was expecting to be married at the time of preparing the will. At all the other times, marriage revokes the will made by the person. Thus, the will must always contain the testatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectation of marriage to t hat particular person. This should be done to avoid any type of ambiguity or uncertainty. It is also necessary to note the importance of the authenticity of the will which must be properly attested. If the executor has any doubts regarding the same then he can get an investigation done over the same. Also the unworthy heirs to the estate cannot claim their rights of succession if they are proven guilty of murder or homicide from the court of law (Popa, 2008). But, in case of the person dying intestate, the legal representatives need to apply for a Letter of Administration to deal with the estate and it may be both complex and time-consuming as the representatives claiming a stake in interstaterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s property needs to have a background check and prove a legitimate interest in the same. If the person dies leaving a spouse behind then all the property of the person goes in the hands of the spouse. However, the spouse receives only a half of the property of the deceased if he has left behind his children. If the person deceased does not have any one left behind to claim his estate under intestate law, the estate escheats to the State. However, in both the cases the legal rights of a person cannot be defeated. If the legal rights have been satisfied then the remaining property as known as the deedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s part and thus becomes a part of free estate. A residuary legacy is the whole or a share of the estate once all gifts, debts, taxes and costs associated with it have been deducted. The benefit of residuary legacies is that the value is unaffected by inflation as there is no fixed sum. The value of legacy increases with the increase in the value of estate. Pecuniary This is a gift of a fixed sum of money. These types of legacies can often be affected by inflation and their value can decrease. Reversionary This allows a person to pass the estate to an initial beneficiary for him or her to have the benefit and enjoyment during his or her li fetime. After this time, the estate is passed to a specified person or charity absolutely. Specific This is a gift of a specific item that a person feels will be beneficial to the other person. They either use the items as intended or we may sell the item and use the proceeds for the benefit of the person. Conditional This requires a particular event to occur. Conditional legacies mostly occur when a person outlive all of the named beneficiaries in your Will. References: Alchian, A.A. (2008). Property Rights. In David R. Henderson. Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. Canon, J (1997), The Oxford Companion to British History, p. 405 under the heading Gentry (Oxford University Press, 1997) Cheshire, C and Burn, B (2000) The Modern Law of Real Property (Butterworths,16th ed, 2000) Daniel W. B, (1991). Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. El iescu, M.(1997) Course of successions. In: Fasciolosis. Bucharest. Humanitas Publishing House, 997, second vol., p. 65. Klein, B. and Robinson, J(1997). Property: A Bundle of Rights? Prologue to the Symposium Econ Journal Watch 8(3): 193à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"204, Popa, I. (2008) Course of successional lawBucharest, Legal Universe Publishing House , p. 330 StÃÆ'„Æ’nciulescu, L (2012): Course of civil law. Successions, Hamangiu Publishing House, p. 204 Wolstenholme Cherry (1972) Conveyancing Statutes (Stevens, 12th ed by BL Cherry, DH Parry JRP Maxwell, 1932); (Oyez,13th ed by JT Farrand, 1972) Cases Oak Co-operative Building Society v Blackburn (1968) Diligent Finance Co Ltd v Alleyne (1971) Worthington v Morgan (1849) Hunt v Luck (1902) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Concept of Property in English Law" essay for you Create order