Saudi Student Organization; Objectives Free Essays

Much the same as some other associations for worldwide understudies in the college, we intended to give family arranged condition to our individuals. We are really welcoming other Saudi understudies in this manner to engage with â€Å"The Saudi Student Organization at USI†, as we solidly accept that our basic culture and social direction will assist us with working all the more viably as family and association. This association will speak to Saudi culture, human progress and history and connection them to other USI understudies of whatever nationality. We will compose a custom exposition test on Saudi Student Organization; Objectives or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Moreover, this association will help fortify the social obligations of Saudi understudies as we will reclassify the basic misinterpretations about us. Essentially one of its goals is to build the members’ understanding towards Saudi and Middle Eastern societies and to give them better comprehension with American culture too. Along these lines, Arabic understudies will have the option to adapt and change in accordance with the American culture simpler and quicker. Since, we are foreseeing an expanding number of understudies from Saudi Arabia; we are likewise meaning to build the quantity of our individuals in SSO. Without a doubt, this association will react viably to the members’ unique needs and to guarantee smooth and positive joining and connection between different understudies in the grounds. The Saudi Student Organization will give numerous chances to understudies from Saudi Arabia and so forth to share the excellence and legitimacy of their way of life and convention and accordingly captivating in significant and instructive discoursed with American understudies and others. Clearly, the fundamental goal of this is to increment common comprehension among people inside the grounds. Besides, to be engaged with this association will give the Arabic understudies chances to keep satisfying and rehearsing their convention and religion inside their co Arabic individuals who share similar convictions. In this manner, there will never be a feeling of disconnection in this association since each part can generally discover a person or thing to identify with. They can generally amass refreshes towards their way of life inside the association and can share thoughts and contemplations on the most proficient method to reaffirm their character in a remote nation like United States. In the mean time, SSO will likewise speak to and address the worries of its individuals in the organization. Accordingly, SSO ensures its individuals that they generally have a voice through their care group. New individuals, that are the individuals who just originated from their nation of root, will be ensured that they will gain enough direction through SSO about the college all in all; its way of life, patterns, scholarly example and feeling of network. Besides, individuals will be presented too to different exercises of the college inside and outside. Along these lines, they can extend their encounters towards various culture and individuals and thus they will have increasingly opportunity to augment their interpersonal organization, learning and intelligence. Clearly SSO will ensure its individuals that learning won't stop inside the constrainment of the four corners of the homeroom but instead SSO will guarantee them that we will give them free learning exercises and encounters. These targets will make the individuals increasingly lenient and adaptable in a general public where there is an obvious decent variety of culture and distinctive arrangement of conviction framework. Beside the previously mentioned targets, SSO will likewise assist its individuals with developing their authority abilities and confidence and to investigate their true abilities. This will be valuable for the use of their calling later on. Strikingly, joining SSO will be a decent and insightful speculation for future undertakings. Individuals will likewise be presented to various types of encounters that will even give them numerous chances to help individuals through sharing and brotherhood. Later on, they will become open minded and adaptable people who are set up to confront various types of conditions. All through these targets, SSO convincingly urge its individuals to be all inclusive serious to guarantee achievement tangibly as well as socially, profoundly and mentally. We are in this way promising our co Saudi understudies to join Saudi Student Organization (SSO) as we need you to encounter the satisfaction of our objectives and targets. The most effective method to refer to Saudi Student Organization; Objectives, Essays

Ways of Knowing Essay Example for Free

Methods of Knowing Essay Carper (1978) recognized four crucial examples of realizing which are (1) empirics, or the study of nursing; (2) individual information; (3) feel, or the specialty of nursing; and (4) morals, or the ethical part of nursing. The reason for this conversation is to clarify how each example of knowing influences this author’s practice, and to distinguish the author’s favored worldview and give legitimization to picking this worldview. Experimental knowing depends on the conviction that what somebody knows is objective and feasible through our faculties (Chinn Maeona, 2011). Observational information is made through research to test theories. This sort of information could be called proof based practice. Experimental knowing is utilized day by day in this attendants practice with the organization of prescriptions that have been read and tried for there adequacy on recognized infections. As an Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) this sort of realizing will be utilized to settle on proof based decisions about determinations, drugs endorsed, and care plans started. The individual information example of knowing depends on a relational procedure which includes â€Å"interactions, connections, and exchanges between the medical attendant and the patient-client† (Carper, 1978). By sharing individual encounters at suitable occasions and being open and ready to tune in to patients, this medical caretaker rehearses this example of knowing. A significant focal point of this author’s APN practice will be to become acquainted with every individual customer on an individual level. This will show the customer that they are significant as an individual and not only a number. Feel knowing or the specialty of nursing is the capacity of an attendant to get a handle on importance from every patient experience (Johnson, 1994). The medical caretaker rehearsing style must be veritable, sympathetic, and take a stab at an association with their patients (Johnson, 1994). This creator works with rehearsing feel in his present situation as a crisis room (ER) nurture. At the point when patients go to the ER consistently it is exceptionally difficult to show sympathy and attempt to interface with them. As a rehearsing APN this attendant will attempt to convey nursing care dependent on the customers singular needs and discernments by understanding the uniqueness of each patient. Moral knowing or the ethical heading of nursing is centered around the nurses’ obligation of realizing what out to be done and what is acceptable and right (Carper, 1978). Moral knowing â€Å"guides and coordinates how nurture ethically carry on in their practices† (Chinn Maeona, 2011, p. 7). This medical caretaker rehearses morals by being a patient promoter and saving his customers option to pick or decline care. This patient backing will proceed as this attendant advances to the job of APN. This creator credits to the experimentation worldview. This worldview is like observational knowing in that it depends on the reason that what is known can be checked through the faculties, or approved through research (Monti Tingen, 1999). This creator accepts that the premise of a decent practice is using proof based discoveries. In the event that the method or care plan is bolstered by investigate, and the discoveries are reproducible, at that point this creator is bound to execute it into his training. As this creator proceeds with his excursion toward turning into an APN the examples of knowing are essential to comprehend. By actualizing these examples to practice, and utilizing proof based discoveries to control dynamic, the creator will be better ready to think about his patients.

12 Translators on Why They Do What They Do

12 Translators on Why They Do What They Do Ive been interested in literary translation since I was a teenager reading Dostoyevsky, Cervantes, Mann, and Kafka for the first time. And when I started thinking about what it meant to declare that Thomas Mann was my favorite writer while only being able to read him in English translation, I was struck by just how important translation is to expanding our minds and introducing us to diverse cultures. I also realized that my experience reading Mann in English differed in fascinating ways from that of a German-speaker reading him in the original. Years later, when I translated the work of several French Symbolist poets for an independent study, I realized how much every single word makes a difference in conveying meaning from one language to another and in capturing tone and style. It was some of the hardest work I had ever done, but also incredibly rewarding. Recently, I put out a call to literary translators asking them to talk about what drew them to their line of work. After all, it is because of them that we (generally) monolingual readers are able to learn about other cultures and beliefs through stories and poetry. Translation is a complicated and difficult endeavor, and a supremely worthy one, so I wanted to share some thoughts on this work from professional translators themselves. Below youll find paragraphs from 12 people who translate into English, explaining why they love what they do and how they got started. I know youll be inspired! Rebecca L. Thompson is an instructor and doctoral student at the University of Texas at Dallas. Shes published translations and scholarly papers on Metamorphoses and Milin Havivin, and is currently sending out manuscript samples of her first book-length project. Ive always been drawn to languages, because, to me, they seem like the fastest way to enter into and understand a new culture. That, paired with my love of books, made literary translation an obvious choice for me. I love the way we as translators occupy a middle ground and interact with a text. Its really a documentation and replication of the reading processin fact, I like to read the book for the very first time as Im translating it. By moving page by page as both a translator and a reader, I come as close as possible to creating a genuine, unfiltered experience for the reader of the translation. Its a challenge that never gets old. David Shook is a poet and translator in Los Angeles, where he is founding editor of Phoneme Media. His recent translations include books by Mexican writers Mario Bellatin, Tedi López Mills, Kyn Taniya, and Víctor Terán. I grew up as a Texan in Mexico City, which meant that I lived in translation, in the fertile ground between languages and cultures. It wasnt until college that I knew that literary translation even existed. But once I discovered it, it was game on. As in my own practice as a writer, I think that its a fascination with language that keeps me interested in literary translation. Theres a combination of curiosity and enthusiasm that I think many of us share. So few of my own translations begin with publication in mind. Theyre mostly born from things Im interested in, from democratic activism in Equatorial Guinea to narrative structure in Mexican literature. Recent examples include the contemporary Kriol poetry of Guinea-Bissau and José Juan Tabladas 1920s calligrams. Im also interested in the literary translators editorial or curatorial role. Our literature would be so much poorer if it werent for our translators, who are often the first to champion the writers they work with. That, to me, is another aspect of my own attraction to translation, the enthusiasm part: to be able to share the work that Im most excited about, to enlarge the conversation. Theres something transformative about translationboth the process itself, as the translator destroys an original to remake it in out of entirely new and different words, and the finished products potential to challenge and disrupt the literary status quo in the new language it wears as best it can. Manuel de los Reyes is an English into Spanish literary translator, specializing in Fantasy, SF, and Horror. He has over 15 years of experience, and more than 100 titles translated, among them books by Isaac Asimov, HP Lovecraft, Jonathan Carroll or Robin Hobb. I would have never become a professional translator if not for two very distinct episodes in my life. First, when I was in my teens, I discovered role-playing games. This might sound trivial, but back in the day, no one in my group of friends knew enough English to buy, read, and understand many of the new games that were slowly making their way into Spain from America. We always had to wait until they were translated into Spanish, and young as we were, patience was not really our forte. English was my favorite subject at school, however, and thus the task of directing all those foreign games kind of naturally fell on me. Most importantly, it was around then when I met my first exchange classmate, a Canadian girl named Jennifer. She turned my affinity for her mother tongue into a genuine interest that, eventually, opened up my world to a whole different culture. English became the language I read, watched, and listened to, with a passion. And this, combined with the fact that I have always loved books, somehow ended up steering my steps towards translation, which has the best from both worlds. Jennifer passed away some years ago, her beautiful, radiant light put off by cancer. I do not translate RPGs any more. But my memories of that friendship, of that love, remains. I keep working. And I will never forget. Ezra E. Fitzs translations of contemporary Latin American literature by Alberto Fuguet and Eloy Urroz have been praised by The New York Times, The Washington Post, The New Yorker, and The Believer, among other publications. His own novel, The Morning Side of the Hill, was published in 2014. For me, translation was always something of a family business.   When my dad was a grad student at CUNY, he studied with Gregory Rabassa, and translated The Stream of Life, aka Água Viva, by Clarice Lispector, for the University of Minnesota Press almost a quarter of a century before New Directions made her a household name in English. Nothing connects you with a text or an author like being a translator. As Rabassa himself once said, a translation is nothing but a close reading, perhaps the closest reading possible.   Thats what I wanted to do: read something so closely that the act itself would blur the boundary between the page and the ink thats seeping into it.   One of the authors whom Ive translated many times over the years once sent me a copy of a newly published collection of stories.   The inscription on the half title page read, Ezra, here you are in Spanish.   Now its your turn.   Borges couldnt have put it any better himself.   The connection had been made, the boundaries blurred, and the family business would continue on for another generation or at least another volume. Michelle Bailat-Jones is a writer and translator. Her novel Fog Island Mountains (Tantor, 2014) won the 2013 Christopher Doheny Award from the Center for Fiction. She has translated the work of C.F. Ramuz (Beauty on Earth, Onesuch Press, 2013; What if the Sun…, forthcoming Onesuch Press, 2016) as well as Julia Allard Daudet, Claude Cahun, Laure Mi-Hyun Croset, and others. For a long time, I assumed that my love of foreign languages and literatures would have to take a back seat to more practical matters, or, at best, would be an asset to the sensible job I’d eventually find myself in. I focused on science and politics and other things I really enjoyed, assuming these subjects would shape my adult life and career. But I couldn’t seem to put language and literature into its own separate box. It seems foolhardy to me now, but I decided at some point that what I really wanted to do was write novels and poetry, but I realized at the same time that translating could be viable and interesting work that could support me while I worked at the more financially-tenuous career of writing. (I know now that working exclusively in literary translation can be just as tenuous, but I can supplement it with academic and scientific translation work, which is often, thankfully, really interesting.) My first translation project was entirely for practice. I translated the first section of Marie Vieux-Chauvet’s Love, Anger, Madness (The Modern Library published a stunning translation of the book in 2009, by Rose-Myriam Réjouis and Val Vinokur) under the supervision of an accomplished translator. That first work was a revelation. Within Chauvet’s novel were all of the things I still really lovedâ€"politics and history on a thematic side, complex metaphor and intriguing narrative choices on the technical fictional sideâ€"and yet I could work within those things while playing with English. It felt like incredibly deep reading, and I’ve never looked back. Translating is, in all the best ways, very much like writing except that I don’t have to make up any of the story. Jennifer Croft is the recipient of Fulbright, PEN and National Endowment for the Arts grants, as well as the Michael Henry Heim Prize, and her writing and translations from Polish, Spanish, and Ukrainian have appeared in The New York Times, n+1, The Guardian, Guernica, Lit Hub, The Chicago Tribune, BOMB  and elsewhere. She holds a PhD from Northwestern University and an MFA from the University of Iowa. She is a Founding Editor of The Buenos Aires Review. In college, I majored in English and Russian and minored in Creative Writing. When I graduated, I tried to think of ways to combine those three things, and I came upon translation. In the past fifteen years, Ive had the enormous privilege of working with some of the most talented writers of Central Europe, brilliant women like Polands Olga Tokarczuk and Sylwia Siedlecka, or Ukraines Natalka Sniadanko. Everyone Ive translated has taught me something unique and essential about writing and the world. Literary translation has been an apprenticeship for me, and recently I have taken what Ive learned from the essays, fiction and poetry Ive remade in English and written my first novel, which will appear this year with Penguin Random House Argentina. I wrote it in Spanish, also making an English version as I went, though neither of those is a translation. All the writers I translate have read my work, and several have even translated excerpts, written responses for the website Ive created on the basis of my novel (http://homesickbook.space) or otherwise actively participated in this new stage in my career. Thus translation is for me dynamic collaboration, always, and Im very much looking forward to publishing more in English of all of these fantastic people. Im also co-authoring bilingual fiction now with Argentine author Eitán Futuro and am excited to see how readers will react to those pieces, where one of our goals is to get to the very bottom of language itself. Allison M. Charette received a 2015 PEN/Heim Translation Fund Grant for Naivos Beyond the Rice Fields, the first novel to be translated from Madagascar, forthcoming from Restless Books next year. She has also published two other book-length translations, in addition to short translated fiction that has appeared in Words Without Borders, The Other Stories, Tupelo Quarterly, InTranslation, and the SAND Journal. Translation makes you read books more closely than you ever have before. Part of the draw of literary translation for me is, thus, purely selfishI grow to understand anything I translate so much more deeply than otherwise possible. And the more I understand, the more excited I get about all the new worlds opening up to me, which makes me just itch to share it with everyone I know. The problem with that, of course, is that most people I know dont speak French, so I cant recommend my favorite French books to them until those books get translated into English. Tragic, I know. One of the things that has started drawing me more and more to translation, though, is the translators role in cultural awareness and general amity. By sharing all these different worlds, were advocating for other cultures and educating our own. Its quite the idealistic view, but humanizing the other, making the foreign more familiar: thats how hatred, racism, and xenophobia can be combated. Books, not bombs, right? As an example, specific to my current translation projects: Madagascar is a country thats never had a novel translated into English. Besides lemurs and maybe vanilla, most Americans know nothing about the country, so it falls into the same misconception that many Westerners have of Africa as an entirely backward, impoverished, and primitive continent. But now theres a short story about the nightlife in Tana, the capital city, thats been translated into English, so theres another reference point besides just bamboo huts and oral storytellers. We might not be able to change the whole world with such small steps, but its not for a lack of trying! María José Giménez is a translator, editor and rough-weather poet with a rock climbing problem. Recent work appears in Prelude, Rogue Agent, Drunken Boat, and Cactus Heart. Translations include poetry, short fiction, essays, screenplays, and Edurne Pasaban’s memoir Tilting at Mountains (Mountaineers Books, 2014). Her translation of Alejandro Saravia’s novel Red, Yellow and Green (forthcoming: Biblioasis, 2016) has received fellowships from the NEA and the Banff Centre for the Arts. She is part of Montreals collective The Apostles Review and has served as Assistant Translation Editor at Drunken Boat. Find her at www.mariajosetranslates.com. As a child, I spent countless hours in my room reading, writing, and poring over bilingual dictionaries. This is still what I most like to do. After completing undergraduate studies in French, I started working as a translator by chance while living on Vancouver Island, in 1999, when a freelancer I’d just met asked me for last-minute help editing Spanish translations. I now freelance full-time as a translator and copy editor, weaving my passion for language, and languages, into my work. My transition into literary translation began when I moved to Montreal in 2001 to start a second B.A. in Spanish, at Concordia University. Montreals multilingual environment was the perfect setting I needed then, with its plethora of literary and translation-related events, resources and bilingual readings. But the turning point was meeting and studying with Hugh Hazelton (now Professor Emeritus at Concordia), who introduced me to the work of Latino-Canadian authors such as Alejandro Saravia, Nela Rio, Carmen Rodriguez and Diego Creimer, among others. In 2007, I joined the collective The Apostles Review and have been a passionate translator and promoter of Latino-Canadian literature ever since. Hugh also instilled in me a deep love for the craft, as well as a sense of balance between rigor and creative freedom, and he continues to guide and inspire me as an invaluable mentor, friend, and collaborator. More than simply a career, translation is a path I have chosen, and it has become inextricably woven into my own creative writing, nurtured by rich connections and opportunities for collaboration with colleagues and advocates in our field. Jordi Alonso studied English at Kenyon College and is the Turner Fellow in Poetry at Stony Brook Southampton. Honeyvoiced, his first book of poems, an exploration stemming from a re-translation of Sappho, was published by XOXOX Press in 2014; his chapbook, The Lovers’ Phrasebook, which flirts with words not found in English as synonyms for “love” is forthcoming from Red Flag Poetry Service. He is the Poetry and Translation Editor of The Whale. After a childhood spent mixing English, Spanish, and French, I graduated with an AB in English with an emphasis on Creative Writing from Kenyon College in 2014, where I also studied Literary Translation, Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Provençal, and ancient Greek. I’ll be graduating from Stony Brook University in the spring of this year with an MFA in Creative Writing and Literature. My studies have given me a solid background in classics, modern literature, and translation. I’ve recently been more interested in using source-texts in other languages as inspiration for original work, just as I did in my first book (Honeyvoiced, XOXOX Press 2014), which I began by translating the fragments of Sappho with the aim of imagining what her complete poems might have sounded like had they survived the centuries while at the same time acknowledging that they were being rewritten by a 22 year-old American poet trying to enter into conversation with contemporary poetry. I continue exploring languages in a forthcoming chapbook (The Lovers’ Phrasebook, Red Flag Poetry 2017) where I take words from 26 languages, all relating to an aspect of love, each beginning with a different letter of the standard Latin alphabet, which have no direct translation into English. This chapbook came out of a list that I compiled with Phoebe Carter, a translator herself and a good friend of mine who will be designing the covers and illustrating every poem in the chapbook. Currently, I’m working with the Neo Political Cowgirls, a women’s dance theatre company in East Hampton, New York to bring a production to fruition later this year that is inspired by the myths and literature surrounding the mythical figure of Andromeda. Aviya Kushner is the author of The Grammar of God: A Journey into the Words and Worlds of the Bible (Spiegel Grau), a 2015 National Jewish Book Award Finalist.   Once a travel columnist for The International Jerusalem Post, she is now an associate professor of creative writing at Columbia College Chicago, where she teaches courses in writing and translation. I grew up in a Hebrew-speaking home in New York, and I have been translating from Hebrew to English all my life. The space between languages is a country with no name, a special zone, a state of mind. As a child, I didnt realize that this unnamed space was what translators went in and out of every day, and that the survival of literature depends on these travelers. Rosanna Warrens magnificent translation course introduced me to the theory and practice of translation; reading John Dryden and Robert Lowells essays on translation, I realized for the first time that many major writers throughout history were also translators. I was hooked. The first poet I translated was Saul Tchernichovsky, one of the fathers of modern Hebrew literatureâ€"a doctor and also a translator. I felt Tchernichovskys obsessions shaping my own poetry, and I realized that I had to absolutely love a piece of writing order to truly translate it. Recently I have been translating the poetry of Yudit Shahar, a prizewinning contemporary Israeli poet who writes about economic justice, the challenge of surviving as a single woman in society, and the legacy of growing up in a religious family. To translate Shahar, I have to use all my Hebrew and all my English, as well as my own experience as a poet and as a financial journalist. I am honored to be her bridge into English. Lisa Rose Bradford teaches comparative literature at the Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata and has published four book-length translations of Juan Gelmans verse including Between Words: Juan Gelmans Public Letter (National Translation Award) and Oxen Rage, recently long-listed for the Pen Award, 2016. Henry James once said: To criticize is to appreciate, to appropriate, to take intellectual possession, to establish in fine a relation with the criticized thing and to make it ones own. I believe literary translation is founded on a similar rapport, with the added value of affording one creative and productive readings of a text. In my case, this relationship began with German grandparents and a high school exchange in Argentina, both of which enhanced my fascination with words. Once in college, a literary translation workshop directed by Rainer Schulte increased my appreciation of the possibilities of language as regards rhetoric, musicality, and imagery. Translation became a mode of reading and a marvelous challenge. Regarding my career in translation, initially, the joy of recreating some of my favorite poetry drove me to translate, and I chose four contemporary Argentine poets for the discussion of the translation process for my dissertation at Berkeley. Moreover, my teaching career in Argentina includes the direction of a research group that has published two collections of essays on translation and three anthologies of U.S. poetry translated into Spanish. With the encouragement from other translators, many of whom are involved in the American Literary Translators Association, I began publishing poets from my dissertation in journals, and later bilingual collections of Juan Gelmans poetry in the form of complete books. A few years ago, a residency at the Banff International Literary Translation Center, where the participants become part an exceptional community of artists, affirmed my belief that there is an enormous level of creativity among translators, many of whom are also writers in their own right, as am I in my free time. Finally, to have gained recognition in the form of a National Translation Award and an NEA has driven me even harder to prolong the pleasure, and the possession and memorial involved in capturing a work of art. Sophie Hughess forthcoming translations from Spanish include Laia Jufresas Umami  (Oneworld Publications) and Rodrigo Hasbúns Affections (Pushkin Press).  In 2015, she was  awarded the British Centre for Literary Translation Prose Mentorship, and in 2016 she was shortlisted for an Arts Foundation Fellowship. Ive often heard literary translators refer to themselves as bridges into other worlds, and its true that a large part of what we do is provide a path for readers from one place to reach the literature and ergo the culture, history, even the spirit of anotherâ€"all without having to speak the language of that place. This idea of it being a bridge-building, empathetic vocation was what first appealed to me about literary translation. In fact, it turned out that the task at hand is really more akin to digging tunnels: (mentally) back-breaking, producing one engineering quandary after another (the idea that we can map one language neatly onto another is as alogical as a tunnel under the English Channel), and the end product is basically invisible. It has also, in my still short career as a translator, become clear that this bridge/tunnel allows for two-way traffic. Anglophone readers are able travel to foreign lands, yes, and what a treat it is to sightsee and dip into unknown territory. But it is what foreign writers bring over to us via us conduit-translators that keeps our literature and ergo our culture, history, and spirit evolving. In my personal utopia, our English  evolves thanks to translation. Just as Shakespeares Old English is ingrained in our modern vernacular (appropriately enough, its all Greek to me), so do foreign authors have a place in our daily speech and thoughts. A few foreign language authors, thanks to their translators, have crossed channels in this way, at least in my life: Kafkas A book must be the ax for the frozen sea within us; more recently, Mexican Laia Jufresas the dead, or at least some of them, take customs, decades, whole neighborhoods with them. When death does you part, its also the end of whats mine is yours; and lest we forget, Umberto Ecos Translation is the art of failureâ€"for me, borrowed wisdom to live by.

ESL When to Use First and Last Names and Titles

Citizens United - A Primer on the Court Case

Citizens United is a nonprofit corporation and conservative advocacy group that successfully sued the Federal Election Commission in 2008, claiming its campaign finance rules represented unconstitutional restrictions on the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of speech. The U.S. Supreme Court’s landmark decision ruled that the federal government cannot limit corporations  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  or, for that matter, unions, associations, or individuals  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  from spending money to influence the outcome of elections. The ruling led to the creation of super PACs. â€Å"If the First Amendment has any force it prohibits Congress from fining or jailing citizens, or associations of citizens, for simply engaging in political speech,† Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote for the majority. About Citizens United Citizens United describes itself as a being dedicated to the goal of restoring government to U.S. citizens through education, advocacy, and grassroots organization. â€Å"Citizens United seeks to reassert the traditional American values of limited government, freedom of enterprise, strong families, and national sovereignty and security. Citizens Uniteds goal is to restore the founding fathers vision of a free nation, guided by the honesty, common sense, and good will of its citizens,† it states on its website. Origins of Citizens United Case The Citizens United legal case stems from the groups intention to broadcast â€Å"Hillary: The Movie,† a documentary it produced that was critical of then-U.S. Sen. Hillary Clinton, who at the time was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination. The film examined Clintons record in the Senate and as the first lady to President Bill Clinton. The FEC claimed the documentary represented electioneering communications as defined by the McCain-Feingold law, known as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. McCain-Feingold prohibited such communications by broadcast, cable, or satellite within 30 days of a primary or 60 days of a general election. Citizens United challenged the decision but was turned away by the District Court for the District of Columbia. The group appealed the case to the Supreme Court. The Decision The Supreme Court’s 5-4 decision in favor of Citizens United overruled two lower-court rulings. The first was Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, a 1990 decision that upheld restrictions on corporate political spending. The second was McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, a 2003 decision that upheld the 2002 McCain-Feingold law banning â€Å"electioneering communications† paid for by corporations. Voting with Kennedy in the majority were Chief Justice John G. Roberts and associate justices Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas. Dissenting were justices John P. Stevens, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor. Kennedy, writing for the majority, opined Governments are often hostile to speech, but under our law and our tradition it seems stranger than fiction for our Government to make this political speech a crime. The four dissenting justices described the majority opinion as a rejection of the common sense of the American people, who have recognized a need to prevent corporations from undermining self-government since the founding, and who have fought against the distinctive corrupting potential of corporate electioneering since the days of Theodore Roosevelt. Opposition President Barack Obama leveled perhaps the most vocal criticism of the Citizens United decision by directly taking on the Supreme Court, saying the five majority justices â€Å"handed a huge victory to the special interests and their lobbyists.† Obama lashed out at the ruling in his 2010 State of the Union address. With all due deference to separation of powers, last week the Supreme Court reversed a century of law that I believe will open the floodgates for special interests, including foreign corporations, to spend without limit in our elections, Obama said during his address to a joint session of Congress. I dont think American elections should be bankrolled by Americas most powerful interests, or worse, by foreign entities. They should be decided by the American people, the president said. And Id urge Democrats and Republicans to pass a bill that helps to correct some of these problems. In the 2012 presidential contest, however, Obama softened his stance on super PACs and encouraged his fundraisers to bring in contributions to a super PAC that was supporting his candidacy. Support for the Ruling David N. Bossie, the president of Citizens United, and Theodore B. Olson, who served as the group’s lead counsel against the FEC, described the ruling as striking a blow for freedom of political speech. â€Å"In Citizens United, the court reminded us that when our government seeks ‘to command where a person may get his or her information or what distrusted source he or she may not hear, it uses censorship to control thought,’† Bossie and Olson wrote in The Washington Post in January of 2011. â€Å"The government argued in Citizens United that it could ban books advocating the election of a candidate if they were published by a corporation or labor union. Today, thanks to Citizens United, we may celebrate that the First Amendment confirms what our forefathers fought for: ‘the freedom to think for ourselves.’† Sources Bossie, David N. How the Citizens United ruling freed political speech. Theodore B. Olson, The Washington Post, January 20, 2011. Justice Kennedy. Supreme Court of the United States Citizens United, Appellant v. Federal Election Commission. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School, January 21, 2010.   Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address. The White House, January 27, 2010. Who We Are.  Citizens United, 2019, Washington, D.C.

Apush Dbq 2 Free Essays

During the Washington, Adams, and Jefferson administrations (from 1776 to 1807) neutrality was America’s main foreign policy. In determining that neutrality was the overall focus of American diplomacy, one must assess the deviations from, as well as the success, of neutrality. Neutrality was originally implemented by George Washington in order to maintain the young country’s best interests. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Dbq 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, lapses in neutrality occurred when the government was forced to favor one foreign power, either Great Britain or France, through treaties. Furthermore, commercial interests ultimately drove America’s decisions and thus influenced the effectiveness of neutrality. Despite such lapses in success, America’s number one foreign policy remained neutrality. Political leaders found involvement in European affairs to be irrelevant and detrimental to the young nation, thus neutrality was the primary focus of America. George Washington was a strong supporter of neutrality despite his highly opinionated cabinet (Hamilton was pro-British and Jefferson pro-French). In 1793, in response to King Louis XVI’s beheading in the French Revolution, Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality which stated that America would â€Å"adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers†¦ † (D). Washington opted to remain neutral in order to avoid conflict with Britain and France, refusing to side with either one. Furthermore, Washington emphasized the necessity of neutrality in his farewell address in 1796. He explained that the â€Å"great rule of conduct for [Americans] in regard to foreign nations†¦ † was to have â€Å"†¦ s little political connection as possible† (J). Thus, Washington established the importance of neutrality which was also supported by John Adams. During the Revolutionary War (right after the Battle of Saratoga) the Americans formed the Franco-American alliance and gained French support from the king. However, John Adams wrote in his diary in 1775, â€Å"That We ought not to enter into any Alliance with her [France], which should entangle Us in any future Wars in Europe,† (A). Adams supported Washington’s push for neutrality and recognized the consequences of forming an alliance with France. Adams was right about the Franco-American Alliance, which later resulted in France seeking American aide against Britain after Louis XVI was beheaded. On the other hand, Adams approved Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain which upset the French who were at war with the British. Jay’s Treaty settled the return of confiscated goods and ships to the Americans and established that pre-Revolutionary War debts must be paid as stated in the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Americans had avoided these debts even though the Treaty of Paris stated that â€Å"creditors on either side shall meet†¦ o the recovery of the full value in sterling money of all bona fide debts heretofore contracted,† (E). During the Jefferson administration, foreign tensions rose and eventually lead to the War of 1812. Jefferson also enforced neutrality, claiming in his Inaugural Address in 1801 that the nation will maintain â€Å"honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none†¦ à ¢â‚¬  (K). Such ideas were evident in his response to the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. In 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on an American warship, the Chesapeake, killing three Americans and impressing four others. Impressment was the act of forcing American sailors into the British navy as depicted in document M (M). Instead of declaring war as many American citizens wanted, Jefferson issued the Embargo Act, which cut off all American shipping to Europe in an attempt to cripple the British economy and prevent them from confiscating American goods and impressing their sailors. However, Jefferson’s attempt to maintain neutrality back-fired and crippled the American economy more than Europe’s. Conflicts between Great Britain and France often caused lapses in America’s focus on neutrality. Specifically, during the Washington’s administration and the French Revolution, â€Å"Citizen† Genet, the French minister to America, broke the typical rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to the American people. He called for American support of the French Revolution, pointing to the Franco-American Alliance which stated that the two nations shall â€Å"make all efforts in its Power, against their common enemy [Britain]†¦ † (C). Such support would directly violate America’s primary foreign policy, neutrality. Thus, Washington refused to support the French Revolution and make an enemy of Great Britain. This decision angered pro-French Americans who supported France’s aspiration to establish a republic. As a result, Thomas Jefferson, who was pro-French, resigned from his position of Secretary of State in disagreement with Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality. The ratification of Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain further infuriated French supporters, failed to solve the issue of British impressment, and even promised that Americans would pay pre-Revolutionary War debt to Britain (F). Moreover, it caused the French to be outraged with the Americans and started French seizure of American ships. Political tensions between the three nations continued during John Adams’ presidency with the XYZ Affair in 1798. Three French agents, known only as X, Y, and Z, demanded a high fee from American delegates to enter negotiations for a treaty regarding the French seizure of American ships. This tested the young nation’s focus on neutrality as outraged Americans called for war with France. As a result, neutrality was pushed aside as the Quasi War, which was never officially declared, broke out. The public anger caused by the war strengthened the Federalist party, who used the power to pass the Alien, Sedition, and Naturalization Acts. These Acts limited Democratic-Republican power by: increasing the number of years required for immigrants to become citizens (Naturalization Act), by authorizing the president to deport aliens deemed a threat to the nation (Alien Act), and by making it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress (Sedition Act). The Convention of 1800 concluded the Quasi War, however impressment continued into Jefferson’s presidency during the Napoleonic Wars, making it more difficult for the young nation to maintain neutrality. Thus, conflicts between Great Britain and France often involved America despite the American focus on neutrality. Commercial interests often times caused disruptions of neutrality and competed as a priority of the young nation. Because commerce was of high importance to the growing nation, neutrality, in order to maintain trade, was necessary. Thomas Paine even stated, â€Å"Our plan is commerce,† and emphasized the importance of neutrality to the American economy by saying â€Å"we ought to form no political connection with any part of it [Europe],† (B). For instance, Jay’s Treaty negatively affected American commerce and political relations with France. Additionally, James Madison criticized the treaty as being â€Å"ready to sacrifice†¦ the dearest interests of our commerce†¦ † (G). The treaty not only affected political diplomacy with France, but also affected relations with Spain and their North American colonies. Spain saw the treaty as a sign that the Americans were building an alliance with Britain and felt a need to strengthen their American territories. This lead to Pinckney’s Treaty, in 1795, which set the boundary line between the United States and the Spanish territories, as well as allowed the use of the Mississippi River and the Louisiana sea port to both the Americans and the Spanish (H). Pinckney’s Treaty protected American commerce along the Mississippi and resulted in peaceful relations with Spain. Later, during Adams’ presidency, the seizure of American merchant ships by France raised tensions that resulted in the Quasi War. The disruption of American commerce forced the nation to disregard neutrality in order to protect their trading rights. The Convention of 1800 concluded the war and promised that â€Å"Property captured†¦ shall be mutually restored†¦ † (I). The Convention revealed the evident commercial intentions of the Quasi War and set the American economy as a priority equal to that of neutrality. However, Great Britain continued to seize American ships and impress American sailors. Instead of engaging in war, Jefferson opted to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 in an attempt to sustain neutrality. The Act prevented trade with any European nation, attempting to damage Britain’s economy and preclude impressment. Unfortunately, the plan backfired and devastated the American economy. Thus, Americans felt a greater need to deviate from neutrality in order to better their commerce. Although America faced disruptions in neutrality, ultimately, it remained the nations overall primary foreign policy. From 1776 to 1807, neutrality kept the young nation out of unnecessary European conflicts and served to maintain the country’s best interests. How to cite Apush Dbq 2, Papers

Accounting Information System for More Pty Ltd - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Information System for More Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction Accounting information systems play an essential role in collection, storing, processing as well as recording of data for providing information during the process of decision making. These systems are made up of interrelated components, where it is divided into smaller sub-systems helping to achieve the organizational objective. The key characteristics of accounting information system are relevance, completeness, timeliness, verifiability, accessibility, understandability as well as reliability. Web-based systems and its wide-spread usage have helped the accounting information systems to identify organizational risks along with the creation of accounting procedures for maintaining optimum control over risk (Belfo Trigo, 2013; Accounting Information Systems, 2013). The key objective of the paper is to discuss the revenue cycle, weaknesses related to internal control along with the processes to mitigate the risks arising due to the weaknesses. Additionally, Ransom-ware attack and its brief overview have been explained in this paper. Overview of Revenue Cycle Figure: Revenue Cycle Revenue Cycle is referred as a set of business activities, helping to exchange goods as well as services for cash with the customers. Maximum of the transactions in todays business takes place on credit, where the amount is paid after the goods are shipped on time to the consumers. There are two key phases in the revenue cycle, which starts with the physical phase, where the good is received by the buyer and ends with the financial phase, where the buyer pays the cash for the delivered product. As mentioned in the accounting information system, there are two subsystems handling the above mentioned phases (Hall, 2008; Hall, 2012). The subsystems include processing of sales order for the physical phase while cash receipts look after the financial phase. Additionally, activities of revenue cycle are divided into two major categories including manual system and computerized system. Manual systems follow the manual procedures of sales, billing, warehouse, credit, shipping, general ledger, accounts receivable as well as inventory control. Moreover, sales returns, cash receipts, control of revenue cycle are parts of manual system. Accounting system based on computers start with automating the process of sales order through batch technology and reengineering the same with real-time technology. The procedures of manual systems are enhanced with the use of information technology, where procedures of cash receipts get automated and reengineered. Usage of Point-of-sale (POS) systems as well as reengineering through EDI along with Internet has made the process of revenue cycle easier than before (Hall, 2008; Hall, 2012). Identification of Practical Controls Table: Weaknesses, Impacts and Measures for the Identification of Practical Controls (Source: Ayam, 2015; Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration, 2015; Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 2004) Overview of Ransom-ware attack Based on the case study as reported by ABC (2017), it has been found that in May 2017, 57000 organizations in nearly 100 nations suffered cyber attack globally, including Ukraine, Russia, Taiwan as well as India among others, where the un-patched older versions of Microsoft windows were commonly used (ABC, 2017). This cyber attack was identified as a ransom-ware attack named Wannacry, which created a flaw in the software of Microsoft Corporation (McGoogan, Titcomb Krol, 2017). The cyber attackers took advantage of the vulnerabilities related to the older version of Windows operating system. Additionally, European nations including Spain and Portugal among others were forced to turn down the patients in the clinics as well as hospitals because they lost access due to the cyber extortion of ransomware. According to British cyber centre, FedEx Corporation, which is the leading shipper globally, was one of the victims of the attack, where the systems got affected due to the malware ente ring through spam mails (ABC, 2017). The National Security Agency identified that hackers were spreading a ransom-ware that locked up files as well as folders completely. Wannacry ransom-ware demanded payments during the cyber attack on systems of several users, where hackers used this trend for quick payout of money. A ransom-ware is described as a cyber attack or virus, which takes full control of others system and blocks away all sources of access to it until and unless the asked amount is paid (McGoogan et al., 2017; ABC, 2017). Based on the research conducted by the Kaspersky Lab experts, Ransomware demands nearly $300- $600 for restoring the system, which increases every two hours if not paid (ABC, 2017). The process starts when a user unintentionally clicks on a ransom-ware link or downloads it. The hacker through malicious software enters into the system as soon as the link is opened and launches the attack to lock down the system as a whole, where access of the owner gets d enied. Microsoft had already issued patches for the software to fix up the issues but majority of the people were still found using the same old version (McGoogan, Titcomb Krol, 2017; ABC, 2017). Recommendations and Conclusion Considering the motherboards and More Pty Ltd, such a ransom-ware cyber attack may occur in the future. Therefore, the company should follow the measures of controlling the information security, monitoring as well as documentation as mentioned above. Data should hence be saved in more than one systems, where if one systems gets attacked by the ransom-ware, the other system can be used for the accessing the data. Encryption of data is compulsory, which reduces the chances of cyber attack as encrypted data cannot be hacked easily by any hacker. Day-to-day recording of data should be done by Motherboards and More Pty Ltd., which will lessen the burden with the passage of time. Access should be made limited for the users, which will further prevent clicking on dangerous links as well as sites. Additionally, Motherboards and more Pty Ltd should use latest version of Microsoft windows or any other operating system with fix-patches installed in it to prevent their system from the disruptive attack of Ransomware. Accounting information system plays an important role and simplifies the processes of collecting, recording as well as handling data and information. Proper techniques used during electronic data storage will secure the data for a longer duration, where the leaders or managers can effectively conduct a decision making process. Conclusively, it was found that a ransom-ware is a dangerous attack and therefore Motherboards and More Pty Ltd should follow the processes as mentioned in the study. References ABC. (2017). Biggest ransomware outbreak in history' hits nearly 100 countries with data held for ransom Retrieved September 21, 2017, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-13/biggest-ransomware-outbreak-in-history-hits-nearly-100-nations/8523102 Accounting Information Systems. (2013). Accounting Information Systems Explained. Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.accountinginformationsystems.org/ Ayam, J. R. A. (2015). An analysis of revenue cycle internal controls in Ghanaian universities. Case Studies in Business and Management, 2(2), 1. Belfo, F., Trigo, A. (2013). Accounting information systems: Tradition and future directions. Procedia Technology, 9, 536-546. Hall, J. A. (2008). Accounting Information Systems. United States: Cengage learning. Hall, J. A. (2012). Accounting Information Systems. United States: Cengage learning. McGoogan, C., Titcomb, J. Krol, C. (2017). What is WannaCry and how does ransomware work? Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/ransomware-does-work/ Office of the auditor General of Canada. (2004). 2004 march report of the auditor general of canada. Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/att_20040306xe05_e_13231.html Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. (2015). Annual assessment of the internal revenue service information technology program. Retrieved September 20, 2017, from https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/auditreports/2015reports/201520094fr.pdf